WEBVTT

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我们人类已知存在了数千年

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仅仅看向我们周边的环境

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那里有不同的物质

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而这些不同的物质往往

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有不同的特性

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不仅它们有不同的特性

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一种可能以某一特定的方式反射光

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或不反射光，或特定的颜色，或

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在某一特定温度，成为液体或气体或固体

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但我们已开始观察它们如何

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在某些环境下相互反应

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而且这里是一些这些物质的图片

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在这里的是碳

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并且这里是它的石墨形式

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这个是铅

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这个是黄金

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并且还有我展示过的所有照片，在这里——

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我从这个网站中获得它们，就在这里——

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它们都处于其固体状态

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但我们也知道它看上去像

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某些类型的空气和某些类型的空气颗粒

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并且取决于何种种类的空气颗粒

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你正看着它，无论是碳或氧或氢

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似乎有不同种类的特性

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或者是还有其他可以是液体的东西

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或你将这些东西的温度升至足够高

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你可以做到，如果你将其温度升至足够高

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对金或对铅，你可以得到（它们各自的）液体形式

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或者你点燃这些碳

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你可以使它变成气态

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你可以将之释放至大气层

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你可以打破它的结构

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所以这些是我们拥有的所有，有点，人性化

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已观察了数千年

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但这影响了一个自然问题

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（它）曾经是一个哲学问题

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但现在我们可以更好一点地回答它

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并且那个问题是，如果你持续分解这些碳

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至小之又小的块，有

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这些东西的最小的块，最小的单元，

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对于这个物质而言，始终有碳原子的特性吗？

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如果你要，不知何故地，持续打破它

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不知如何，你将

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失去碳的这些特性

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然后答案是，这就是。

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所以只是为了得到我们的术语

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我们称这些不同的物质——

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这些有其特定特性的纯净的物质

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在特定的温度和特定的反应条件下

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我们将之称作元素

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碳是一种元素

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铅是一种元素

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金是一种元素

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你可能说水是一种元素

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并且在历史上，人们将水当作元素

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但现在（我们认为）水是由更多基础的元素构成的

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是由氧元素和氢元素

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并且我们所有的元素都在元素周期表里列出了

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C 代表碳——我只想通过那些

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与人类息息相关的（元素），且随着时光流逝，你可能会逐渐熟悉这里所有的元素

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这是氧

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这是氮

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这是硅

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Au是金

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这是铅

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这些元素最基础的单元是原子

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所以如果你持续挖掘，并持续

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采取到越来越小的块

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最终你可以得到碳原子

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对这些东西做同样的事，最终你将

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得到金原子

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对这些东西做同样的事，最终你将

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你将得到一些，这种小的

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我词穷了，微粒

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你称之为铅原子

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你将不再能够将其分解

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并依旧称之为铅

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因其仍旧有铅的特性

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并给你一个想法——这是一个非常

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我想象能力不太行

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那些原子是不可思议的小

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不可想象的小

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例如，碳

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我的头发也是由碳构成的

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事实上，我大部分都是由碳构成的

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事实上，我大部分都是由碳构成的

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所以你得到我的头发——所以我的头发是碳

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我的头发大部分是碳

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所以如果你得到我的头发——就在这

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我的头发不是黄色的，但它与黑色对比鲜明

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我的头发是黑色的，但即使我那样做了（拔头发）

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你将不能在屏幕上见到它

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但如果你得到我的头发，就在这，

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那么我将问你，我头发内的碳原子有多少个呢

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所以，如果你截取我头发的横截面

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而不是我头发的长度，宽度

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那里有多少个碳原子呢

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你可能会猜，哦，你知道了，

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萨尔已经告诉我，它们很小

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所以这里有一千个碳原子，或一万个

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或十万个

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我将说，不

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那有一百万个碳原子

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或者你可以串一百万个碳原子

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横跨人类头发的平均长度

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这明显是个粗略值

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这不是确切的一百万

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但它给了你“一个原子是如此之小”的印象

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你知道，从你的头上拔一根头发

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并想象将一百万个东西

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肩并肩地排列在一起，横跨那头发

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不是头发的长度，是头发的宽度

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这甚至难以看到头发的宽度

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并且那将有一百万个碳原子

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只是顺着它

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现在它本身会很酷

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我们确实知道有这个最基本的建筑

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碳块，这是任何元素的最基本组成部分。

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但现在更清楚的是，这些基础建筑

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是彼此联系的

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碳原子是由更多基本粒子构成的

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金原子是由更多基本粒子构成的

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它们取决于，它们实际上

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是由这些基本粒子的排列定义的

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并且如果你改变这些基本粒子的数量

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你可以改变这些元素的性质

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它如何反应，你甚至可以改变元素本身

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并且仅是为了更好地理解它

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我们来谈论这些基本粒子

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所以你有质子

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并且质子决定了

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原子的质子数

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