[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.21,0:00:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map\Nof the world's shipping lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.34,0:00:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showcasing the intricate network\Nof maritime routes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connect our modern world\Nthrough global trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.85,0:00:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although some of these routes \Nwere established in more recent times
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Suez and Panama canals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of these oceanic highways\Nwere chartered long ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.33,0:00:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an age where there was\Nno reliable way of navigation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.80,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than local knowledge\Nand some rudimentary maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.11,0:00:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, just over 500 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.19,0:00:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the beginning of the 16th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.65,0:00:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these international trade routes\Ndid not even exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.99,0:00:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only due to the emergence\Nof the small Iberian nation of Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.50,0:00:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a maritime superpower,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.75,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were these connections \Nto other parts of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.74,0:01:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made possible through their daring\Nvoyages and navigational prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.78,0:01:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal quickly established\Nan empire for itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.43,0:01:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Africa, to Asia\Nand South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.96,0:01:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These maritime exploits\Nnot only fueled Portugal's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.24,0:01:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an astonishing rise to power,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.20,0:01:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also laid the foundation\Nfor the interconnected global economy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.38,0:01:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we benefit from today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how did this relatively obscure nation\Non the edge of Europe emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to forge an Empire that would shape\Nthe course of History
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.70,0:01:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for centuries to come?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.70,0:01:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the History \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.95,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of our videos are available to watch\Nad free over on our substack page.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.06,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can also read along\Nto the original scripts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.63,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as listen to the audio generation\Nas podcasts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by following the link\Nin the video description below
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.21,0:01:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subscribing with your email.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.100,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.88,0:01:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kingdom of Portugal emerged out\Nof the series of events
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.83,0:01:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known to History as the Reconquista
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.41,0:02:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the the gradual reconquest\Nof Christian lands
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.21,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Iberian Peninsula\Nfrom the Muslim Moors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.87,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had invaded the territory\Nfar back in the 8th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having established itself \Nas a sovereign kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.11,0:02:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the middle of the 12th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese went on to push\Nout the remaining Moors to the South
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.43,0:02:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by capturing the territory\Nof the Algarve in 1249,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.12,0:02:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effectively setting out the borders\Nof their kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.88,0:02:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the same lines\Nto which they exist today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With their own territory secured\Nfrom external threats
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.22,0:02:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility of further expansion\Non the Iberian Peninsula ruled out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.76,0:02:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on account of their friendly relations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.89,0:02:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the neighboring Christian\Nkingdom of Castile to the east.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.91,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal turned its attention\Ntowards the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility\Nof exerting its own influence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.97,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upon both it and the lands\Nthat lay beyond in North Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.60,0:02:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The year 1415 marked a pivotal\Nmoment in Portuguese expansion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.100,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a decision was made to orchestrate\Nan attack on the city of Ceuta,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.81,0:02:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was held by the Marinid Sultanate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.92,0:02:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although many at the time\Nconsidered this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.85,0:03:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing more than a continuation\Nof the hostilities
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.29,0:03:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Christians and Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.96,0:03:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reality it paved the way \Nfor the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.94,0:03:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expand their dominions \Nand economic interests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.77,0:03:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the Iberian Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.07,0:03:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and marked the beginning \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.85,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite capturing the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were not able\Nto advance further into North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they had initially planned,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.96,0:03:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing to determined resistance\Nby local Muslim forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.92,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless they continued\Nto guarnison Ceuta
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.84,0:03:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used its harbor as a base
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.92,0:03:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore the Atlantic \Ncoastline of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.82,0:03:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This policy of maritime exploration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.24,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was championed by a prominent figure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early days \Nof the Portuguese Empire´:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.68,0:03:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prince Henry, the Navigator.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.77,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was curious to know\Nhow far the Muslim territories in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.37,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extended Southward,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether it would be possible\Nto reach Asia by an easterly sea route.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, scores of Portuguese ships\Nbegan to set off into the Atlantic Ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.50,0:03:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around the coast of North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.85,0:04:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probing further and further into what\Nwere at the time uncharted waters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.78,0:04:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The islands of Madeira and the Azores
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.11,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were first cited in 1419 and 1427,\Nrespectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were subsequently\Nincorporated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.36,0:04:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the latest additions\Nto the expanding Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.97,0:04:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first natural barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.77,0:04:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese encountered\Non their explorations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.24,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Cape Bojador.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The violent waters that surround it\Nhad claimed many vessels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.10,0:04:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had previously tried to pass through
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.11,0:04:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was widely deemed \Nto be a point of no return.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.03,0:04:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was until 1434,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.14,0:04:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Gil Eanes successfully\Nfound the navigable passage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.64,0:04:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the cape
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.05,0:04:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opened up further\Nexploration South
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.97,0:04:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards subsaharan Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No sooner had this feat been achieved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.26,0:04:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the merchants of Lisbon\Nbegan to search
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.92,0:04:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for newer and more exotic markets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.36,0:04:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which they could trade to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.98,0:04:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gold, ivory, pepper, cotton and sugar,\Nall from Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.25,0:04:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soon became more commonplace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.10,0:04:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst the trading stools of Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.36,0:05:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as did the practice\Nof selling African slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.87,0:05:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which began the long and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dark history of the transatlantic slave\N5:04\Ntrade that would continue for the next\N5:06\N400\N5:08\Nyears over the subsequent Decades of the\N5:10\N15th century the Portuguese ventured\N5:12\Nfurther and further south down the coast\N5:14\Nof Africa reaching the cape verdie\N5:16\NIslands in 1456 and the Gulf of Guinea\N5:20\Nby the\N5:21\N1460s as they explored they left behind\N5:24\Na series of padro stone crosses engraved\N5:27\Nwith the Portuguese coat of arms marking\N5:29\Nout their territorial claims which were\N5:31\Nfollowed up with the construction of\N5:33\Nforts and trading posts from these bases\N5:36\Nthey engaged profitably in the gold and\N5:38\Nslave trades which they held a virtual\N5:40\Nmonopoly on for well over a\N5:43\Ncentury the real prize for the\N5:45\NPortuguese Merchants however was a\N5:47\Nsupposed but as yet unconfirmed sea\N5:49\Nroute to Asia they hoped that the\N5:52\Ndiscovery of such a route would allow\N5:54\Nthem direct access to the spice markets\N5:56\Nof the Indies and bypass the expensive\N5:59\NArab and Venetian Merchants who\N6:01\Ncontrolled the Overland trade routes\N6:02\Nthrough the Middle East and across the\N6:04\NMediterranean into Europe then in 1488\N6:08\Nnews reached the ears of the Portuguese\N6:09\Nauthorities that Bartholomew di had\N6:12\Nrounded the southern tip of Africa and\N6:14\Nreached the Indian Ocean proving that\N6:16\Nsuch an easterly passage did indeed\N6:19\Nexist however this Revelation would soon\N6:22\Nbe eclipsed in magnitude Just 4 years\N6:25\Nlater when Christopher Columbus sailed\N6:27\Nwestwards across the Atlantic Ocean in\N6:29\Nin search of his own theoretical route\N6:31\Nto the Indies and in the process\N6:33\Ninadvertently discovered an entirely New\N6:36\NWorld the discovery of the Americas\N6:39\Nwhich Columbus claimed in the name of\N6:40\NSpain and initially believed to be part\N6:42\Nof Eastern Asia quickly created a\N6:45\Nproblem for the two Iberian Nations not\N6:48\Nknowing where one set of recently\N6:49\Ndiscovered lands ended and another began\N6:52\Nthey consequently agreed to divide the\N6:54\Nworld in two spheres of influence\N6:55\Nbetween themselves marked by a north\N6:58\Nsouth line of Meridian roughly halfway\N7:00\Nbetween the cape verie Islands\N7:02\Ncontrolled by Portugal and the Caribbean\N7:04\Nislands of the Americas which Columbus\N7:06\Nhad recently discovered and claimed for\N7:08\NSpain the Treaty of pesas ratified this\N7:12\Nagreement in 1494 and effectively carved\N7:15\Nthe world in two with the lands to the\N7:17\Neast of this line to be claimed solely\N7:19\Nby Portugal and the lands to the West\N7:21\Nclaimed solely by\N7:23\NSpain with the dispute settled Portugal\N7:26\Ncould finally begin to undertake its\N7:28\Nlong-standing ambition of charting a sea\N7:30\Nroute to Asia and so on the 8th of July\N7:33\N1497 the Explorer Vasco de Gama left\N7:37\NLisbon with a fleet of four ships and a\N7:39\Ncrew of 170 men Bound for the Indian\N7:42\NOcean in search of Asia after a voyage\N7:45\Nof some 10 months de's Expedition\N7:48\Nfinally made landfall on the Malibar\N7:50\Ncoast of India in May 1498 and\N7:53\Nsubsequently met with the zamorin or\N7:55\Nking of Calicut to establish the trade\N7:58\Nrelations that they they had longed hop\N8:00\Nfor whilst the portuguese's arrival was\N8:03\Ngreeted with hospitality the local\N8:05\NIndian Traders found little value in the\N8:07\NTrinkets and commodities the Europeans\N8:09\Nhad brought with them to exchange and so\N8:12\ND's Expedition largely left empty-handed\N8:15\Ntheir return Journey back to Portugal\N8:17\Ntook an agonizing amount of time owing\N8:19\Nto the monsoon conditions they had to\N8:21\Nface up at Sea which took an immense\N8:23\Ntoll on both the crew and the ships\N8:26\Nnevertheless the survivors arrived back\N8:28\Nin Lisbon during the summer of 1499 and\N8:31\Nwere given a hero's welcome despite the\N8:34\Nme quantities of spices and other Goods\N8:36\Nthey had brought\N8:37\Nback although the Expedition itself may\N8:40\Nnot have been profitable it demonstrated\N8:42\Nthat Maritime trade to Asia was possible\N8:45\Nand had huge\N8:47\Npotential the second expedition to India\N8:49\Nset sail in 1500 under the command of\N8:52\NPedro Alvarez Cabra although while\N8:55\Ntraversing across the Atlantic Ocean\N8:56\Nsailed Too Far West and unexpectedly\N8:59\Nreached the coast of what is now\N9:01\NBrazil although this discovery may have\N9:03\Nbeen unintentional some speculation\N9:05\Nsuggests that the Portuguese may have\N9:07\Nalready been aware of Brazil's existence\N9:09\Nand secretly knew that this part of\N9:11\NSouth America fell within their\N9:13\Ndesignated territory according to the\N9:15\NTreaty of\N9:16\Ntordas cabal recommended to the\N9:19\NPortuguese King Manuel the that the land\N9:22\Nbe settled and two follow-up voyages\N9:24\Nwere sent in 1501 and\N9:26\N1503 the land was found to be abundant\N9:29\Nin brazilwood from which it later\N9:31\Ninherited its name but the failure to\N9:33\Nfind gold or silver meant that for the\N9:35\Ntime being the Portuguese instead\N9:38\Ndecided to concentrate their efforts on\N9:39\Nthe invaluable trade out of\N9:41\NIndia as the first decade of the 16th\N9:44\Ncentury progressed the Portuguese\N9:46\Nventured further into other parts of\N9:48\NAsia such as Sri Lanka and Indonesia\N9:51\Nwhere they discovered the sources of\N9:52\Ncinnamon and Nutmeg so valuable were\N9:55\Nthese Commodities that Alfonso de\N9:57\NAlbuquerque the first appointed Vice Roy\N9:59\Nof Portuguese India ordered the