[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.21,0:00:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map\Nof the world's shipping lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.34,0:00:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showcasing the intricate network\Nof maritime routes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connect our modern world\Nthrough global trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.85,0:00:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although some of these routes \Nwere established in more recent times
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Suez and Panama canals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of these oceanic highways\Nwere chartered long ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.33,0:00:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an age where there was\Nno reliable way of navigation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.80,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than local knowledge\Nand some rudimentary maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.11,0:00:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, just over 500 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.19,0:00:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the beginning of the 16th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.65,0:00:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these international trade routes\Ndid not even exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.99,0:00:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only due to the emergence\Nof the small Iberian nation of Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.50,0:00:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a maritime superpower,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.75,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were these connections \Nto other parts of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.74,0:01:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made possible through their daring\Nvoyages and navigational prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.78,0:01:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal quickly established\Nan empire for itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.43,0:01:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Africa, to Asia\Nand South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.96,0:01:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These maritime exploits\Nnot only fueled Portugal's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.24,0:01:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an astonishing rise to power,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.20,0:01:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also laid the foundation\Nfor the interconnected global economy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.38,0:01:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we benefit from today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how did this relatively obscure nation\Non the edge of Europe emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to forge an Empire that would shape\Nthe course of History
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.70,0:01:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for centuries to come?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.70,0:01:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the History \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.95,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of our videos are available to watch\Nad free over on our substack page.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.06,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can also read along\Nto the original scripts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.63,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as listen to the audio generation\Nas podcasts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by following the link\Nin the video description below
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.21,0:01:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subscribing with your email.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.100,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.88,0:01:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kingdom of Portugal emerged out\Nof the series of events
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.83,0:01:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known to History as the Reconquista
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.41,0:02:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the the gradual reconquest\Nof Christian lands
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.21,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Iberian Peninsula\Nfrom the Muslim Moors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.87,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had invaded the territory\Nfar back in the 8th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having established itself \Nas a sovereign kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.11,0:02:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the middle of the 12th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese went on to push\Nout the remaining Moors to the South
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.43,0:02:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by capturing the territory\Nof the Algarve in 1249,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.12,0:02:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effectively setting out the borders\Nof their kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.88,0:02:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the same lines\Nto which they exist today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With their own territory secured\Nfrom external threats
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.22,0:02:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility of further expansion\Non the Iberian Peninsula ruled out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.76,0:02:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on account of their friendly relations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.89,0:02:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the neighboring Christian\Nkingdom of Castile to the east.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.91,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal turned its attention\Ntowards the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility\Nof exerting its own influence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.97,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upon both it and the lands\Nthat lay beyond in North Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.60,0:02:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The year 1415 marked a pivotal\Nmoment in Portuguese expansion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.100,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a decision was made to orchestrate\Nan attack on the city of Ceuta,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.81,0:02:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was held by the Marinid Sultanate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.92,0:02:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although many at the time\Nconsidered this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.85,0:03:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing more than a continuation\Nof the hostilities
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.29,0:03:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Christians and Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.96,0:03:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reality it paved the way \Nfor the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.94,0:03:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expand their dominions \Nand economic interests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.77,0:03:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the Iberian Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.07,0:03:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and marked the beginning \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.85,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite capturing the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were not able\Nto advance further into North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they had initially planned,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.96,0:03:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing to determined resistance\Nby local Muslim forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.92,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless they continued\Nto guarnison Ceuta
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.84,0:03:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used its harbor as a base
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.92,0:03:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore the Atlantic \Ncoastline of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.82,0:03:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This policy of maritime exploration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.24,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was championed by a prominent figure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early days \Nof the Portuguese Empire´:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.68,0:03:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prince Henry, the Navigator.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.77,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was curious to know\Nhow far the Muslim territories in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.37,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extended Southward,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether it would be possible\Nto reach Asia by an easterly sea route.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, scores of Portuguese ships\Nbegan to set off into the Atlantic Ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.50,0:03:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around the coast of North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.85,0:04:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probing further and further into what\Nwere at the time uncharted waters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.78,0:04:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The islands of Madeira and the Azores
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.11,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were first cited in 1419 and 1427,\Nrespectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were subsequently\Nincorporated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.36,0:04:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the latest additions\Nto the expanding Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.97,0:04:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first natural barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.77,0:04:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese encountered\Non their explorations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.24,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Cape Bojador.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The violent waters that surround it\Nhad claimed many vessels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.10,0:04:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had previously tried to pass through
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.11,0:04:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was widely deemed \Nto be a point of no return.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.03,0:04:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was until 1434,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.14,0:04:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Gil Eanes successfully\Nfound the navigable passage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.64,0:04:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the cape
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.05,0:04:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opened up further\Nexploration South
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.97,0:04:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards subsaharan Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No sooner had this feat been achieved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.26,0:04:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the merchants of Lisbon\Nbegan to search
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.92,0:04:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for newer and more exotic markets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.36,0:04:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which they could trade to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.98,0:04:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gold, ivory, pepper, cotton and sugar,\Nall from Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.25,0:04:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soon became more commonplace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.10,0:04:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst the trading stools of Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.36,0:05:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as did the practice\Nof selling African slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.87,0:05:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which began the long and dark history\Nof the transatlantic slave trade
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.11,0:05:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would continue for the next 400 years
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.28,0:05:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the subsequent decades\Nof the 15th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.87,0:05:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese ventured \Nfurther and further South
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.28,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the coast of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.01,0:05:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching the Cape Verde Islands\Nin 1456
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.86,0:05:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Gulf of Guinea by the 1460s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.22,0:05:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they explored, they left behind\Na series of "padrões",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.47,0:05:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stone crosses engraved\Nwith the Portuguese coat of arms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.21,0:05:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marking out their territorial claims
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.54,0:05:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were followed up\Nwith the construction of forts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.16,0:05:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trading posts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.63,0:05:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From these bases they engaged\Nprofitably in the gold and slave trades
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.34,0:05:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they held a virtual monopoly on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.73,0:05:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for well over a century.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.99,0:05:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real prize for the\Nportuguese merchants however
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.85,0:05:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a supposed, but as yet unconfirmed,\Nsea route to Asia .
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.27,0:05:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They hoped that the discovery\Nof such a route
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:05:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would allow them direct access \Nto the spice markets of the Indies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.27,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bypass the expensive\Narab and venetian merchants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.87,0:06:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who controlled the overland trade routes\Nthrough the Middle East
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.15,0:06:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and across the Mediterranean\Ninto Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.35,0:06:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in 1488 news reached\Nthe ears of the Portuguese authorities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.36,0:06:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Bartholomew Dias had rounded\Nthe southern tip of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.27,0:06:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reached the Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proving that such an easterly\Npassage did indeed exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.14,0:06:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, this revelation would soon\Nbe eclipsed in magnitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.69,0:06:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just four years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.22,0:06:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Christopher Columbus sailed\Nwestwards across the Atlantic Ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.63,0:06:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in search of his own theoretical route\Nto the Indies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.11,0:06:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process inadvertently\Ndiscovered an entirely New World.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.47,0:06:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The discovery of the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.58,0:06:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Columbus claimed\Nin the name of Spain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.91,0:06:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and initially believed to be part\Nof Eastern Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.22,0:06:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly created a problem\Nfor the two Iberian Nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.14,0:06:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not knowing where one set of recently\Ndiscovered lands ended
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.66,0:06:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another began,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.68,0:06:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they consequently agreed to divide\Nthe world in two spheres of influence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.19,0:06:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between themselves, marked \Nby a north/south line of Meridian
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.67,0:07:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly halfway
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.10,0:07:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Cape Verde Islands\Ncontrolled by Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.61,0:07:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Caribbean Islands of the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.49,0:07:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Columbus had recently discovered \Nand claimed for Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.80,0:07:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Treaty of Tordesilhas\Nratified this agreement in 1494
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.96,0:07:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and effectively carved the world in two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.05,0:07:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the lands to the East of this line\Nto be claimed solely by Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.61,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lands to the West \Nclaimed solely by Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the dispute settled,\NPortugal could finally begin to undertake
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.69,0:07:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its long-standing ambition\Nof charting a sea route to Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.55,0:07:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, on the 8th of July 1497,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.39,0:07:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the explorer Vasco de Gama left Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.68,0:07:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a fleet of four ships \Nand a crew of 170 men
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.33,0:07:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bound for the Indian Ocean\Nin search of Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.29,0:07:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a voyage of some 10 months\NVasco da Gama's expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.34,0:07:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally made landfall \Non the Malibar coast of India
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.24,0:07:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in May 1498
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.34,0:07:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subsequently met with the Zamorin,\Nor king of Calicut
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.16,0:07:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to establish the trade relations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.35,0:08:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they they had long hoped for.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.49,0:08:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whilst the Portuguese's arrival\Nwas greeted with hospitality,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.59,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local indian traders\Nfound little value
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.19,0:08:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the trinkets and commodities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.18,0:08:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Europeans had brought with them\Nto exchange
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.58,0:08:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, da Gama's expedition\Nlargely left empty-handed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.82,0:08:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their return journey back to Portugal\Ntook an agonizing amount of time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.23,0:08:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing to the monsoon conditions\Nthey had to face up at sea
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.08,0:08:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which took an immense toll\Non both the crew and the ships
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.27,0:08:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless the survivors arrived back\Nin Lisbon during the summer of 1499
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.69,0:08:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were given a hero's welcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.94,0:08:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite the meager quantities\Nof spices and other goods
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.78,0:08:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had brought back.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.94,0:08:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the expedition itself \Nmay not have been profitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.91,0:08:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it demonstrated that maritime trade\Nto Asia was possible
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.24,0:08:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had huge potential .
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.34,0:08:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second expedition to India\Nset sail in 1500
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.38,0:08:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the command of\NPedro Alvares Cabral.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.18,0:08:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although while traversing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.77,0:08:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the Atlantic Ocean\Nsailed too far West
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.92,0:09:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unexpectedly, reached \Nthe coast of what is now Brazi.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.28,0:09:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although this discovery\Nmay have been unintentional
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.82,0:09:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some speculation suggests
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.89,0:09:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese may have\Nalready been aware of Brazil's existence
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.93,0:09:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secretly knew that this part\Nof South America
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.81,0:09:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fell within their designated territory \Naccording to the Treaty of Tordesilhas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.90,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cabral recommended\Nto the Portuguese King, Manuel I,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.73,0:09:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the land be settled
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.41,0:09:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two follow-up voyages\Nwere sent in 1501 and 1503.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.98,0:09:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The land was found to be abundant\Nin brazilwood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.72,0:09:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which it later inherited its name
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.07,0:09:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the failure to find gold or silver\Nmeant that for the time being
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.74,0:09:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese instead decided\Nto concentrate their efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.75,0:09:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the invaluable trade out of India.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.82,0:09:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the first decade of the 16th century\Nprogressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.66,0:09:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese ventured further\Ninto other parts of Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.77,0:09:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Sri Lanka and Indonesia,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.37,0:09:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they discovered the sources \Nof cinnamon and nutmeg.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.65,0:09:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So valuable were these commodities\Nthat Alfonso de Albuquerque.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.53,0:10:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first appointed Vice-Roy\Nof Portuguese India
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.20,0:10:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordered the construction\Nof trading posts and fortifications
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.93,0:10:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the 14,000 miles long route,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.67,0:10:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Portugal \Nto the East Indies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.16,0:10:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These served as basis of operations\Nfor conducting trade
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.63,0:10:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ensured the safeguarding\Nof their valuable cargos
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.56,0:10:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were to be transported \Non the long arduous journey
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.63,0:10:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to the markets of Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.03,0:10:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly thereafter,\Nthe Portuguese trading network
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.82,0:10:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretched to cover an area\Nsurrounding the coastlines of Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.95,0:10:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia, India, Indonesia \Nand even as far as China and Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.28,0:10:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the Portuguese were\Nprimarily motivated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.14,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to establish trade relations\Nthrough peaceful means
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.59,0:10:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their arrival into Asia was often met\Nwith a fair degree of suspicion
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.94,0:10:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from local merchants\Nwho saw them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.29,0:10:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as nothing more than foreign\Ninterlopers on their territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.87,0:10:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently as tensions grew,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.06,0:10:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese took to enforcing\Ntheir trading activity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.68,0:10:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the use of force
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.88,0:10:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout the 16th century\Nnumerous conflicts broke out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.77,0:11:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the wider indopacific region,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.76,0:11:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Portuguese engaged in warfare
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.70,0:11:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the numerous\Nsultanates and empires of Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.32,0:11:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often possessing\Nsuperior military technology
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.52,0:11:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over their adversaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.05,0:11:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were largely successful\Nat defending their commercial enterprises
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.04,0:11:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as going on the offensive\Nto capture strategic targets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.49,0:11:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they wish to take for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.21,0:11:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it was not just\Ntrade and conquest
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.86,0:11:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that advanced the realms \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.51,0:11:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Religion also had its part to play
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.25,0:11:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accompanying the officials, merchants,\Nmariners and soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.24,0:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on board the ships leaving Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.42,0:11:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were small numbers \Nof priests and missionaries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.75,0:11:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically belonging to the Jesuit order.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.09,0:11:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had been ordered\Nby the Portuguese monarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.44,0:11:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spread the Catholic faith
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.16,0:11:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst the native peoples\Nof Asia and Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.50,0:11:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they had come into contact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.64,0:11:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this policy had mixed successes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.08,0:11:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, though their efforts\Nhelp towards establishing relations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.05,0:11:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new settlements, such as the port\Nof Nagasaki in Japan, in 1571,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.95,0:12:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elsewhere the priests and missionaries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.68,0:12:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spread the word of God\Nthrough violence and coercion.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.84,0:12:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the Goa,\NInquisition for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.35,0:12:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they heavily persecuted the Hindu\Npopulation of Portuguese India
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.31,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bid to convert them \Nto Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.46,0:12:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The early period \Nof the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.85,0:12:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was concentrated on developing\Ntrade across Asia and Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.28,0:12:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were much more lucrative\Nand easily accessible compared to Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.40,0:12:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12:25\Nattitudes towards this quickly changed\N12:27\Nhowever when other Europe European\N12:29\Nexplorers particularly the French began\N12:31\Nto develop interests of their own in the\N12:33\Nterritory and established a trading post\N12:35\Nthere in\N12:37\N1531 the Portuguese response as decreed\N12:40\Nby King XO III on the 28th of September\N12:43\N1532 was to deter further French\N12:45\Nincursions to the region by initiating a\N12:47\Nlarge-scale colonization program that\N12:50\Nwould see the land divided up and ruled\N12:52\Nby 15 separate captaincies with\N12:55\Ninstructions to build settlements Grant\N12:57\Nallotments and administer Justice\N12:59\Neach Captain was responsible for\N13:01\Ndeveloping and absorbing the costs of\N13:03\Ncolonization although they were not\N13:05\Nallowed to own the land\N13:06\Noutright despite their best efforts\N13:09\Nhowever only two of the captaincies\N13:11\Nreached any stage of significant\N13:12\Ndevelopment owing principally to their\N13:15\Ndedication in growing the highly\N13:16\Nprofitable crop of sugar cane this\N13:19\Nrequired an enormous amount of Labor to\N13:21\Nproduce and over time it became\N13:23\Nexclusively reliant on enslaved Africans\N13:25\Nto work in its Fields such was the scale\N13:28\Nand importance of the sugar industry\N13:30\Nthat of the estimated 4 million Africans\N13:32\Nwho were sold into slavery in the\N13:33\NAmericas between the 16th and 19th\N13:35\Ncenturies up to 40% ended up in Brazil\N13:40\Nthe Portuguese presence in South America\N13:42\Nbegan to slowly develop As Time passed\N13:44\Nwith the cities of Bahia sa Paulo and\N13:47\NRio de Janeiro all being founded in the\N13:49\Nmid-6th\N13:50\Ncentury however a significant change in\N13:53\Nthe progress of the Portuguese Empire\N13:55\Noccurred in 1580 when a succession\N13:58\Ncrisis triggered by the untimely death\N14:00\Nof King Sebastian 2 years earlier saw\N14:02\NPhilip II of Spain invade Portugal and\N14:05\Ntake the throne for himself with that\N14:09\Nthe two crowns and overseas empires of\N14:11\NSpain and Portugal were United under the\N14:13\NIberian Union although they would\N14:16\Ncontinue to be ruled separately and\N14:18\Ndistinctly from one\N14:19\Nanother during this time however in the\N14:22\Nlate 16th century Spain was at war with\N14:25\NEngland France and the Netherlands and\N14:28\Nas a result of the union with its\N14:29\NIberian neighbor Portugal quickly found\N14:31\Nitself embroiled in The Wider conflict\N14:33\Nwith European Rivals who were all\N14:35\Ncompeting to establish overseas empires\N14:37\Nof their own the Dutch in particular\N14:40\Nposed the most comprehensive threat to\N14:42\NPortugal at this time for they had just\N14:44\Ngained their independence from the\N14:45\NSpanish hapsburg monarchy in 1581 and\N14:48\Nbeing Adept merchants and Maritime\N14:50\Nexplorers were Keen to participate in\N14:52\Nthe lucrative trade to Asia for\N14:54\Nthemselves these Ambitions were also\N14:56\Nshared by the English and both soon\N14:58\Nlearned of the navigational routes