[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.21,0:00:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map\Nof the world's shipping lanes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.34,0:00:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showcasing the intricate network\Nof maritime routes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connect our modern world\Nthrough global trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.85,0:00:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although some of these routes \Nwere established in more recent times
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Suez and Panama canals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of these oceanic highways\Nwere chartered long ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.33,0:00:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an age where there was\Nno reliable way of navigation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.80,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than local knowledge\Nand some rudimentary maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.11,0:00:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, just over 500 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.19,0:00:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the beginning of the 16th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.65,0:00:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these international trade routes\Ndid not even exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.99,0:00:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only due to the emergence\Nof the small Iberian nation of Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.50,0:00:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a maritime superpower,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.75,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were these connections \Nto other parts of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.74,0:01:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made possible through their daring\Nvoyages and navigational prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.78,0:01:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal quickly established\Nan empire for itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.43,0:01:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Africa, to Asia\Nand South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.96,0:01:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These maritime exploits\Nnot only fueled Portugal's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.24,0:01:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an astonishing rise to power,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.20,0:01:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also laid the foundation\Nfor the interconnected global economy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.38,0:01:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we benefit from today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how did this relatively obscure nation\Non the edge of Europe emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to forge an Empire that would shape\Nthe course of History
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.70,0:01:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for centuries to come?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.70,0:01:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the History \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.95,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of our videos are available to watch\Nad free over on our substack page.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.06,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can also read along\Nto the original scripts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.63,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as listen to the audio generation\Nas podcasts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by following the link\Nin the video description below
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.21,0:01:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subscribing with your email.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.100,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.88,0:01:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kingdom of Portugal emerged out\Nof the series of events
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.83,0:01:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known to History as the Reconquista
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.41,0:02:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the the gradual reconquest\Nof Christian lands
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.21,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Iberian Peninsula\Nfrom the Muslim Moors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.87,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had invaded the territory\Nfar back in the 8th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having established itself \Nas a sovereign kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.11,0:02:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the middle of the 12th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese went on to push\Nout the remaining Moors to the South
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.43,0:02:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by capturing the territory\Nof the Algarve in 1249,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.12,0:02:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effectively setting out the borders\Nof their kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.88,0:02:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the same lines\Nto which they exist today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With their own territory secured\Nfrom external threats
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.22,0:02:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility of further expansion\Non the Iberian Peninsula ruled out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.76,0:02:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on account of their friendly relations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.89,0:02:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the neighboring Christian\Nkingdom of Castile to the east.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.91,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal turned its attention\Ntowards the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibility\Nof exerting its own influence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.97,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upon both it and the lands\Nthat lay beyond in North Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.60,0:02:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The year 1415 marked a pivotal\Nmoment in Portuguese expansion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.100,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a decision was made to orchestrate\Nan attack on the city of Ceuta,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.81,0:02:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was held by the Marinid Sultanate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.92,0:02:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although many at the time\Nconsidered this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.85,0:03:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing more than a continuation\Nof the hostilities
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.29,0:03:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Christians and Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.96,0:03:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reality it paved the way \Nfor the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.94,0:03:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to expand their dominions \Nand economic interests
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.77,0:03:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the Iberian Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.07,0:03:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and marked the beginning \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.85,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite capturing the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were not able\Nto advance further into North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they had initially planned,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.96,0:03:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing to determined resistance\Nby local Muslim forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.92,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless they continued\Nto guarnison Ceuta
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.84,0:03:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used its harbor as a base
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.92,0:03:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore the Atlantic \Ncoastline of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.82,0:03:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This policy of maritime exploration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.24,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was championed by a prominent figure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early days \Nof the Portuguese Empire´:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.68,0:03:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prince Henry, the Navigator.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.77,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was curious to know\Nhow far the Muslim territories in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.37,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extended Southward,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether it would be possible\Nto reach Asia by an easterly sea route.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, scores of Portuguese ships\Nbegan to set off into the Atlantic Ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.50,0:03:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around the coast of North Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.85,0:04:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probing further and further into what\Nwere at the time uncharted waters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.78,0:04:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The islands of Madeira and the Azores
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.11,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were first cited in 1419 and 1427,\Nrespectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were subsequently\Nincorporated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.36,0:04:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the latest additions\Nto the expanding Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.97,0:04:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first natural barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.77,0:04:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese encountered\Non their explorations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.24,0:04:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Cape Bojador.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The violent waters that surround it\Nhad claimed many vessels
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.10,0:04:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had previously tried to pass through
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.11,0:04:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was widely deemed \Nto be a point of no return.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.03,0:04:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was until 1434,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.14,0:04:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Gil Eanes successfully\Nfound the navigable passage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.64,0:04:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the cape
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.05,0:04:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opened up further\Nexploration South
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.97,0:04:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards subsaharan Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No sooner had this feat been achieved
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.26,0:04:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the merchants of Lisbon\Nbegan to search
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.92,0:04:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for newer and more exotic markets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.36,0:04:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which they could trade to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.98,0:04:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gold, ivory, pepper, cotton and sugar,\Nall from Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.25,0:04:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soon became more commonplace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.10,0:04:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst the trading stools of Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.36,0:05:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as did the practice\Nof selling African slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.87,0:05:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which began the long and dark history\Nof the transatlantic slave trade
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.11,0:05:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would continue for the next 400 years
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.28,0:05:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the subsequent decades\Nof the 15th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.87,0:05:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese ventured \Nfurther and further South
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.28,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the coast of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.01,0:05:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching the Cape Verde Islands\Nin 1456
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.86,0:05:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Gulf of Guinea by the 1460s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.22,0:05:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they explored, they left behind\Na series of "padrões",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.47,0:05:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stone crosses engraved\Nwith the Portuguese coat of arms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.21,0:05:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marking out their territorial claims
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.54,0:05:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were followed up\Nwith the construction of forts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.16,0:05:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trading posts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.63,0:05:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From these bases they engaged\Nprofitably in the gold and slave trades
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.34,0:05:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they held a virtual monopoly on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.73,0:05:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for well over a century.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.99,0:05:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real prize for the\Nportuguese merchants however
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.85,0:05:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a supposed, but as yet unconfirmed,\Nsea route to Asia .
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.27,0:05:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They hoped that the discovery\Nof such a route
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:05:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would allow them direct access \Nto the spice markets of the Indies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.27,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bypass the expensive\Narab and venetian merchants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.87,0:06:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who controlled the overland trade routes\Nthrough the Middle East
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.15,0:06:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and across the Mediterranean\Ninto Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.35,0:06:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in 1488 news reached\Nthe ears of the Portuguese authorities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.36,0:06:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Bartholomew Dias had rounded\Nthe southern tip of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.27,0:06:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reached the Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proving that such an easterly\Npassage did indeed exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.14,0:06:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, this revelation would soon\Nbe eclipsed in magnitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.69,0:06:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just four years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.22,0:06:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Christopher Columbus sailed\Nwestwards across the Atlantic Ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.63,0:06:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in search of his own theoretical route\Nto the Indies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.11,0:06:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process inadvertently\Ndiscovered an entirely New World.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.47,0:06:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The discovery of the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.58,0:06:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Columbus claimed\Nin the name of Spain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.91,0:06:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and initially believed to be part\Nof Eastern Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.22,0:06:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly created a problem\Nfor the two Iberian Nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.14,0:06:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not knowing where one set of recently\Ndiscovered lands ended
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.66,0:06:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another began,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.68,0:06:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they consequently agreed to divide\Nthe world in two spheres of influence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.19,0:06:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between themselves, marked \Nby a north/south line of Meridian
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.67,0:07:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly halfway
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.10,0:07:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Cape Verde Islands\Ncontrolled by Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.61,0:07:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Caribbean Islands of the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.49,0:07:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Columbus had recently discovered \Nand claimed for Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.80,0:07:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Treaty of Tordesilhas\Nratified this agreement in 1494
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.96,0:07:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and effectively carved the world in two.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.05,0:07:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the lands to the East of this line\Nto be claimed solely by Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.61,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lands to the West \Nclaimed solely by Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the dispute settled,\NPortugal could finally begin to undertake
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.69,0:07:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its long-standing ambition\Nof charting a sea route to Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.55,0:07:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, on the 8th of July 1497,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.39,0:07:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the explorer Vasco de Gama left Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.68,0:07:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a fleet of four ships \Nand a crew of 170 men
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.33,0:07:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bound for the Indian Ocean\Nin search of Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.29,0:07:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a voyage of some 10 months\NVasco da Gama's expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.34,0:07:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally made landfall \Non the Malibar coast of India
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.24,0:07:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in May 1498
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.34,0:07:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subsequently met with the Zamorin,\Nor king of Calicut
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.16,0:07:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to establish the trade relations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.35,0:08:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they they had long hoped for.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.49,0:08:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whilst the Portuguese's arrival\Nwas greeted with hospitality,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.59,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local indian traders\Nfound little value
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.19,0:08:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the trinkets and commodities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.18,0:08:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Europeans had brought with them\Nto exchange
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.58,0:08:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, da Gama's expedition\Nlargely left empty-handed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.82,0:08:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their return journey back to Portugal\Ntook an agonizing amount of time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.23,0:08:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing to the monsoon conditions\Nthey had to face up at sea
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.08,0:08:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which took an immense toll\Non both the crew and the ships
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.27,0:08:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless the survivors arrived back\Nin Lisbon during the summer of 1499
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.69,0:08:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were given a hero's welcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.94,0:08:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite the meager quantities\Nof spices and other goods
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.78,0:08:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had brought back.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.94,0:08:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the expedition itself \Nmay not have been profitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.91,0:08:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it demonstrated that maritime trade\Nto Asia was possible
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.24,0:08:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had huge potential .
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.34,0:08:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second expedition to India\Nset sail in 1500
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.38,0:08:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the command of\NPedro Alvares Cabral.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.18,0:08:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although while traversing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.77,0:08:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the Atlantic Ocean\Nsailed too far West
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.92,0:09:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unexpectedly, reached \Nthe coast of what is now Brazi.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.28,0:09:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although this discovery\Nmay have been unintentional
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.82,0:09:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some speculation suggests
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.89,0:09:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese may have\Nalready been aware of Brazil's existence
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.93,0:09:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secretly knew that this part\Nof South America
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.81,0:09:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fell within their designated territory \Naccording to the Treaty of Tordesilhas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.90,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cabral recommended\Nto the Portuguese King, Manuel I,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.73,0:09:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the land be settled
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.41,0:09:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two follow-up voyages\Nwere sent in 1501 and 1503.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.98,0:09:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The land was found to be abundant\Nin brazilwood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.72,0:09:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which it later inherited its name
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.07,0:09:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the failure to find gold or silver\Nmeant that for the time being
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.74,0:09:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese instead decided\Nto concentrate their efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.75,0:09:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the invaluable trade out of India.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.82,0:09:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the first decade of the 16th century\Nprogressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.66,0:09:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese ventured further\Ninto other parts of Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.77,0:09:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Sri Lanka and Indonesia,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.37,0:09:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they discovered the sources \Nof cinnamon and nutmeg.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.65,0:09:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So valuable were these commodities\Nthat Alfonso de Albuquerque.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.53,0:10:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first appointed Vice-Roy\Nof Portuguese India
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.20,0:10:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordered the construction\Nof trading posts and fortifications
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.93,0:10:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the 14,000 miles long route,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.67,0:10:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Portugal \Nto the East Indies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.16,0:10:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These served as basis of operations\Nfor conducting trade
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.63,0:10:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ensured the safeguarding\Nof their valuable cargos
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.56,0:10:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were to be transported \Non the long arduous journey
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.63,0:10:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to the markets of Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.03,0:10:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly thereafter,\Nthe Portuguese trading network
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.82,0:10:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretched to cover an area\Nsurrounding the coastlines of Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.95,0:10:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia, India, Indonesia \Nand even as far as China and Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.28,0:10:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the Portuguese were\Nprimarily motivated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.14,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to establish trade relations\Nthrough peaceful means
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.59,0:10:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their arrival into Asia was often met\Nwith a fair degree of suspicion
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.94,0:10:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from local merchants\Nwho saw them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.29,0:10:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as nothing more than foreign\Ninterlopers on their territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.87,0:10:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently as tensions grew,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.06,0:10:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese took to enforcing\Ntheir trading activity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.68,0:10:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the use of force
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.88,0:10:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout the 16th century\Nnumerous conflicts broke out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.77,0:11:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the wider indopacific region,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.76,0:11:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Portuguese engaged in warfare
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.70,0:11:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the numerous\Nsultanates and empires of Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.32,0:11:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often possessing\Nsuperior military technology
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.52,0:11:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over their adversaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.05,0:11:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were largely successful\Nat defending their commercial enterprises
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.04,0:11:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as going on the offensive\Nto capture strategic targets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.49,0:11:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they wish to take for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.21,0:11:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it was not just\Ntrade and conquest
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.86,0:11:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that advanced the realms \Nof the Portuguese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.51,0:11:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Religion also had its part to play
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.25,0:11:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accompanying the officials, merchants,\Nmariners and soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.24,0:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on board the ships leaving Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.42,0:11:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were small numbers \Nof priests and missionaries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.75,0:11:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically belonging to the Jesuit order.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.09,0:11:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had been ordered\Nby the Portuguese monarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.44,0:11:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spread the Catholic faith
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.16,0:11:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst the native peoples\Nof Asia and Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.50,0:11:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they had come into contact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.64,0:11:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this policy had mixed successes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.08,0:11:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, though their efforts\Nhelp towards establishing relations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.05,0:11:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new settlements, such as the port\Nof Nagasaki in Japan, in 1571,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.95,0:12:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elsewhere the priests and missionaries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.68,0:12:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spread the word of God\Nthrough violence and coercion.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.84,0:12:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of the Goa,\NInquisition for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.35,0:12:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they heavily persecuted the Hindu\Npopulation of Portuguese India
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.31,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a bid to convert them \Nto Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.46,0:12:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The early period \Nof the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.85,0:12:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was concentrated on developing\Ntrade across Asia and Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.28,0:12:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were much more lucrative\Nand easily accessible compared to Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.38,0:12:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attitudes towards this quickly changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.09,0:12:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, when other European explorers,\Nparticularly the French,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.51,0:12:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to develop interests\Nof their own in the territory
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.26,0:12:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and established a trading post\Nthere, in 1531,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.24,0:12:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese response,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.66,0:12:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as decreed by King John III\Non the 28th of September 1532
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.92,0:12:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to deter further \NFrench incursions to the region
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.89,0:12:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by initiating a large-scale\Ncolonization program
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.06,0:12:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would see the land divided up\Nand ruled by 15 separate captaincies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.96,0:12:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with instructions to build settlements,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.32,0:12:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grant allotments and administer Justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.64,0:13:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each Captain was responsible\Nfor developing and absorbing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.55,0:13:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the costs of colonization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.61,0:13:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they were not allowed\Nto own the land outright.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.64,0:13:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite their best efforts, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.65,0:13:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only two of the captaincies reached\Nany stage of significant development,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.70,0:13:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owing principally to their dedication
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.18,0:13:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in growing the highly profitable \Ncrop of sugar cane.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.19,0:13:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This required an enormous amount\Nof labor to produce
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.90,0:13:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over time it became exclusively\Nreliant on enslaved Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.64,0:13:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work in its fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.31,0:13:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such was the scale and importance\Nof the sugar industry
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.02,0:13:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of the estimated 4 million Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.56,0:13:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were sold into slavery in the Americas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.59,0:13:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the 16th and 19th centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.66,0:13:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to 40% ended up in Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.94,0:13:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Portuguese presence in South Americ
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.20,0:13:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to slowly develop,\Nas time passed,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.83,0:13:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the cities of Bahia, São Paulo\Nand Rio de Janeiro,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.25,0:13:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all being founded in the\Nmid-6th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.65,0:13:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, a significant change\Nin the progress of the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.67,0:13:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occurred in 1580, \Nwhen a succession crisis
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.84,0:14:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triggered by the untimely death\Nof King Sebastian, two years earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.43,0:14:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw Philip II of Spain invade Portugal\Nand take the throne for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.42,0:14:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that, the two crowns\Nand overseas empires of Spain and Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.42,0:14:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were united under the Iberian Union
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.37,0:14:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they would continue\Nto be ruled separately and distinctly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.98,0:14:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.95,0:14:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this time, however, \Nin the late 16th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.80,0:14:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spain was at war with England,\NFrance and the Netherlands
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.11,0:14:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result of the union\Nwith its Iberian neighbor,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.78,0:14:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal quickly found itself \Nembroiled in the wider conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.77,0:14:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with European rivals
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.34,0:14:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were all competing to establish\Noverseas empires of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.95,0:14:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dutch, in particular, posed\Nthe most comprehensive threat to Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.92,0:14:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.13,0:14:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for they had just gained\Ntheir independence
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.16,0:14:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Spanish Habsbourg monarchy\Nin 1581
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.84,0:14:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being adept merchants\Nand maritime explorers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.16,0:14:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were keen to participate in the lucrative\Ntrade to Asia for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.38,0:14:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ambitions were also shared\Nby the English
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.85,0:15:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and both soon learned \Nof the navigational routes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.80,0:15:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established by the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.74,0:15:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would take them\Nto the spice markets
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.79,0:15:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of India and Indonesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.52,0:15:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so, by the turn\Nof the 17th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.14,0:15:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dutch and English mercantile interests\Nhad been established in Asian ports
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.54,0:15:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Surat, Madras, \NBantam and Sri Lanka
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.57,0:15:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much to the dislike of the Portuguese\Ntraders in the region.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.63,0:15:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only did this posed\Na commercial threat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.07,0:15:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.34,0:15:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other European merchants\Nnow competing for the same trade
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.39,0:15:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also led to colonial conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.63,0:15:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Dutch began to attack \NPortuguese trading posts and colonies..
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.04,0:15:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dutch-Portuguese War \Nwhich was fought from 1598 to 1663
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.97,0:15:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw battles rage across the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.72,0:15:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherever the colonial interests\Nof the two European powers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.54,0:15:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came into contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.30,0:15:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the Portuguese were able\Nto successfully repel the Dutch,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.52,0:15:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some areas such as the Second Battle\Nof Guararapes in northeastern Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.38,0:15:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of their territories in Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.55,0:16:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Malaysia, Sri Lanka \Nand the Gold Coast of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.89,0:16:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.49,0:16:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wider fallout from this conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.39,0:16:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also resulted in further losses\Nfor the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.19,0:16:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the Persian Gulf and in Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.78,0:16:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where local rulers sought to capitalize\Non the weakened position of the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.87,0:16:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expel them\Nfrom their respective regions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.21,0:16:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The loss of these colonial territories\Nspurred the Portuguese to end
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.90,0:16:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the personal union\Nwith the Spanish monarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.12,0:16:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believing they had largely been\Nabandoned by their Iberian neighbor
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.65,0:16:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had prioritized \Ntheir own colonial interests
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.17,0:16:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the expense of Portugal's.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.68,0:16:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The resulting Portuguese Restoration War\Nwhich broke out in 1640
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.80,0:16:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw John the 4th proclaimed as king
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.26,0:16:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the establishment\Nof the Overseas Council
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.11,0:16:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was to govern all aspects\Nof the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.87,0:16:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from that point onward.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.71,0:16:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, as the second half\Nof the 17th century progressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.31,0:16:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal's colonial might\Ncontinue to decline
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.21,0:16:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other European nations\Nbegan to fill the power vacuum
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.77,0:16:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had had once occupied
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.98,0:17:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the English becoming\Nthe most dominant power in India
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.86,0:17:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Dutch cementing their control\Nover what is now Indonesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.100,0:17:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, for the most part, left only Brazil
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.64,0:17:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the remaining territory \Nof significance within the Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.98,0:17:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and consequently became viewed\Nwith increasing importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.100,0:17:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interest in developing Brazil\Nwas quickly helped in 1693
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.55,0:17:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the discoveries of gold\Nand later diamonds
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.70,0:17:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Minas Gerais region,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.53,0:17:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to a gold rush
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.35,0:17:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a large influx of migrants\Nto the territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.10,0:17:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within four decades,\Nthe population of Minas Gerais
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.39,0:17:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had reached somewhere\Nbetween 200,000 and 250,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.69,0:17:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as migrants from Portugal\Narrived as prospectors
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.07,0:17:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and African slaves were brought in\Nto work in the mines.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.67,0:17:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Gold Rush considerably increased\Nthe revenue of the Portuguese Crown
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.26,0:17:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, by the middle of the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.54,0:17:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it constituted for some 46%\Nof the exports from Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.92,0:17:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the sugar industry \Nremained the primary source of wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.64,0:17:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the Portuguese Empire\Nhad regained
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.90,0:18:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of its former prestige\Nand wealth by this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.53,0:18:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a devastating earthquake,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.24,0:18:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which struck the capital of Lisbon in 1755
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.95,0:18:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marked what would ultimately become
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.17,0:18:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beginning of the end\Nfor Portuguese colonial ambitions-
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.46,0:18:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The natural disaster not only\Nput a huge financial strain on the Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.66,0:18:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the loss of life, estimated\Nto be somewhere in the region
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.15,0:18:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 40 to 60,000 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.33,0:18:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also significantly diminished \Nthe ability of the Portuguese
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.33,0:18:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fully recover.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.51,0:18:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the 18th century progressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.71,0:18:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a wave of Revolution began to sweep\Nacross the wider Atlantic region,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.36,0:18:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first starting in North America\Nwith the 13 colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.36,0:18:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,declaring their independence\Nfrom Britain in 1775,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.33,0:18:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn inspired\Nthe French Revolution of 1789.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.40,0:18:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Portuguese Empire soon began\Nto experience this phenomenon for itself
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.02,0:18:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the air of dissension finding its way\Nto their largest colony of Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.17,0:18:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite being initially confined\Nto localized slave revolts
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.66,0:18:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were quickly suppressed
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.34,0:19:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a growing sentiment\Nwithin the South American territory
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.44,0:19:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it should embark\Non its own journey
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.31,0:19:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards self-determination\Noutside of colonial rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.90,0:19:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The year 1808 would mark \Na significant step in this direction
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.32,0:19:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Portuguese royal family\Nled by the prince regent John VI
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.79,0:19:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to flee Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.59,0:19:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to Napoleon Bonaparte\Ninvasion of Portugal
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.30,0:19:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and relocate the Royal Court to Brazil .
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.01,0:19:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven years later, in 1815,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.17,0:19:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brazil itself was elevated\Nto the state of a kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.69,0:19:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the wider United Kingdom\Nof Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.65,0:19:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and witnessed to the unprecedented honor
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.78,0:19:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having the capital moved from Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.91,0:19:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to its own city of Rio de Janeiro.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.03,0:19:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This further emboldened sentiment \Nwithin Brazil for independence
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.11,0:19:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within a year of the royal family\Nreturning to Portugal,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.24,0:19:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fourth son of John VI, Don Pedro I,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.73,0:19:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had remained behind in Rio,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.78,0:19:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the chance to capitalize\Nupon the opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.58,0:19:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to declare himself as emperor
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.74,0:19:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a newly independent\NEmpire of Brazil in 1822.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.99,0:20:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This left the Portuguese Empire\Na shadow of its former self
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.02,0:20:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now comprising only \Nof a few outposts in Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.64,0:20:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the territories of Angola\Nand Mozambique, in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.64,0:20:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the remainder of the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.06,0:20:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the efforts of the Portuguese to retain\Nwhat little remain of their empire
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.80,0:20:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were focused on southern Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.02,0:20:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a proposal was soon made\Nto connect the two colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.69,0:20:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on either side of the continent\Nwith one another
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.14,0:20:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by expanding across the hinterland.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.23,0:20:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This project known as the "Pink Map"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.13,0:20:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was highly unpalatable to the British
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.57,0:20:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had become the world's \Nmost powerful Empire by this point
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.59,0:20:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it directly affronted their own policy
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.96,0:20:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a connected system\Nof colonies across Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.32,0:20:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was to stretch\Nfrom Cairo to Cape Town.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.96,0:20:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British delivered an ultimatum\Nto the Portuguese in 1890
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.09,0:20:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to end the "Pink Map" policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.14,0:20:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which subsequently brought any hint
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.12,0:20:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of reviving Portuguese\Ncolonial ambition to an end.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.15,0:20:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having been humiliated \Non the world stage in such a manner,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.33,0:20:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exposed the weakness
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.58,0:20:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Portuguese government\Nin monarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.53,0:21:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which played into the hands of a growing\NRepublican movement within the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.39,0:21:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sensing an opportunity\Nto further their cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.90,0:21:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 1st of February 1908,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.85,0:21:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Carlos and Prince Louis Philipe\Nwere assassinated in Lisbon
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.64,0:21:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by two revolutionary Republican activists.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.39,0:21:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although King Manuel II \Nimmediately succeeded the throne,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.49,0:21:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he too had to flee the country\Njust 2 years later in 1910,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.43,0:21:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the monarchy and government\Nwere overthrown entirely
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.20,0:21:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Portugal was declared a Republic.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.33,0:21:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The continuing weakening position\Nof the Portuguese Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.31,0:21:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was exploited further by the outbreak\Nof the I World War in 1914.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.95,0:21:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The German Empire planned to expand
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.99,0:21:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its own dominions\Nand influence in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.21,0:21:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the expense of the neighboring\NPortuguese colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.69,0:21:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Angola and Mozambique.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.34,0:21:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As there was only sporadic\Nskirmishing in the region at first,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.34,0:21:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal did not formerly declare war\Nagainst Germany until 1916
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.50,0:21:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from that point on\Nmuch of the war effort
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.03,0:21:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was fought in supplying the Allies\Nfighting in France
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.35,0:21:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neglected to defend\Nits African colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.68,0:21:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from further German attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.65,0:22:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the war came to an end, in 1918,\Nwith the Treaty of Versailles, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.47,0:22:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portugal was able to regain control \Nof all its lost territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.90,0:22:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interwar years bore witness\Nto another coup in Portugal,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.28,0:22:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time replacing the unstable\NRepublican government
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.86,0:22:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a more right-wing regime\Ncalled the "Estado Novo" in 1933.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.12,0:22:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new administration\Nchose to remain neutral
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.83,0:22:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the II World War
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.31,0:22:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead preserve what remained\Nof its overseas Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.93,0:22:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the war's conclusion however\Nthere was a growing shift in attitudes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.32,0:22:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards European imperialism
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.41,0:22:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calls for decolonization\Nbegan to grow louder around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.31,0:22:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The efforts of Britain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.02,0:22:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in granting independence\Nof the colonies under their control
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.87,0:22:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put great pressure on Portugal\Nto do the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.21,0:22:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although it remained reluctant to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.08,0:22:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The establishment of Indian\Nindependence from Britain in 1947
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.18,0:22:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a flash point on this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.61,0:22:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the Portuguese enclaves \Nof Goa, Damon and Diu
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.53,0:22:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not permitted to join the newly\Nindependent state,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.56,0:23:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Indian army was eventually\Nordered into the territories, in 1961.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.81,0:23:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Portugal, under the dictatorship\Nof Antonio de Oliveira Salazar,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.65,0:23:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continually refused to acknowledge\Ntheir incorporation into India.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.52,0:23:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Further reluctance to grant independence\Nof their colonies in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.82,0:23:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.38,0:23:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was fought from 1961 to 1974.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.88,0:23:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many African Independence Movements
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.70,0:23:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,received support from the Soviet Union
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.98,0:23:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as part of the wider Cold War\Nduring this time
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.36,0:23:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result guerilla warfare\Nsoon became widespread
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.05,0:23:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across Portugal's African colonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.70,0:23:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The growing cost and unpopularity\Nof the war at home, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.66,0:23:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw another military coup\Ncarried out against the Estado Novo regime
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.83,0:23:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what became known \Nas the "Carnation Revolution"
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.42,0:23:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 25th of April 1974.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.47,0:23:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new government quickly ended\Nthe hostilities overseas
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.55,0:23:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and began withdrawing its troops
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.59,0:23:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start the process of recognizing\Nthe independence of its colonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.08,0:23:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Angola and Mozambique\Ndeclared an independence in 1975
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.79,0:23:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as did East Timor.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.59,0:24:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Portuguese government also finally\Nrecognized its former colonies in India
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.97,0:24:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as now being part of the Indian State.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.54,0:24:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The final piece of the Portuguese\Noverseas territory
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.13,0:24:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to undergo a transfer of sovereignty\Nwas that of Macau,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.76,0:24:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was handed over\Nto the People's Republic of China
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.40,0:24:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 20th of December 1999
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.82,0:24:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and officially marked the end \Nof the Portuguese.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.84,0:24:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that, one of the longest lived\Nmaritime and commercial empires in History
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.25,0:24:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came to an end.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.90,0:24:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the territories \Nof the Azores and Madeira
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.38,0:24:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now governed as \Nautonomous regions of Portugal,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.04,0:24:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the legacy \Nof the Portuguese Empire lives on,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.69,0:24:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Portuguese language\Ncontinuing to be spoken
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.23,0:24:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by some 250 million people\Naround the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.43,0:24:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, perhaps most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.23,0:24:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sea roots that were established\Nby those early maritime explorers
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.61,0:24:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continue to carry the world's trade\Nover 5 centuries on.