[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single one of us will lose,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or has already lost something\Nwe rely on every single day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am of course talking about our keys.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just kidding.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I actually want to talk about\Nis one of our most important senses:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vision.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single day we each lose\Na little bit of our ability
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to refocus our eyes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we can't refocus at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this condition presbyopia,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it affects two billion\Npeople worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right, I said billion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you haven't heard of presbyopia,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're wondering, "Where are\Nthese two billon people?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's a hint before\NI get into the details.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the reason why people\Nwear reading glasses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bifocal lenses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll get started by describing the loss\Nof refocusing ability
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading up to presbyopia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a newborn,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have been able to focus\Nas lose as six-and-a-half centimenters
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you wish to.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By your mid-20s, you have about\Nhalf of that focusing power left.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 centimeters or so,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but close enough that you never\Nnotice the difference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By your late-40s though,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the closest you can focus\Nis about 25 centimeters,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe even farther.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Losses in focusing ability\Nbeyond this point
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start effecting near-vision\Ntasks like reading,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the time you reach age 60,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing within a meter\Nradius of you is clear.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now some of you\Nare probably thinking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sounds bad but he means you\Nin a figurative sense,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only for the people that actually\Nend up with presbyopia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no, when I say you, I literally mean\Nthat every single one of you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will someday be presbyopic\Nif you aren't already.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounds a bit troubling.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to remind you that presbyopia\Nhas been with us for all of human history
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've done a lot of different\Nthings to try and fix it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to start, let's imagine\Nthat you're sitting at a desk reading.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were presbyopic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might look a little\Nsomething like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anything close by,\Nlike the magazine, will be blurry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving on to solutions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, reading glasses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These have lenses\Nwith a single focal power
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tuned so that near objects\Ncome into focus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But far objects necessary go out of focus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning you have to constantly\Nswitch back and forth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between wearing and not wearing them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To solve this problem,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Benjamin Franklin invented\Nwhat he called "double spectacles."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we call those bifocals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they let him do was see\Nfar when he looked up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see near when he looked down.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we also have progressive lenses\Nwhich get rid of the line
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by smoothly varying the focal power\Nfrom top to bottom.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The downside to both of these\Nis that you lose field of vision
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any given distance
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it gets split up\Nfrom top to bottom like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To see why that's a problem,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine that you're climbing\Ndown a ladder or stairs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look down to get\Nyour footing but it's blurry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would it be blurry?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you look down, and that's\Nthe near part of the lens,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the next step was past arm's reach,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which for your eyes, counts as far.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next solution I want to point out\Nis a little less common
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but comes up a lot in contact lenses\Nor Lasik surgeries,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's called monovision.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it works but setting up\Nthe dominant eye to focus far
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other eye to focus near.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain does the work of intelligently\Nputting together the sharpest parts
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from each eye's view,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the two eyes see slightly\Ndifferent things,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes it harder\Nto judge distances binocularly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where does that all leave us?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like we've come up with\Na lot of different solutions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but none of them quite restore\Nnatural refocusing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of them let you\Njust look at something
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and expect it to be in focus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to explain that, we'll want\Nto take a look at the anatomy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the human eye.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The part of the eye that allows us\Nto refocus to different distances
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the crystalline lens.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are muscles surrounding the lens\Nthat can deform it into different shapes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn changes its focusing power.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when someone\Nbecomes presbyopic?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that the crystalline\Nlens stiffens to the point
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't really change\Nshape anymore.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, thinking back\Non all the solutions I listed earlier,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see that they all have something\Nin common with the others
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not with our eyes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that they're all static.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like the optical equivalent\Nof a pirate with a peg leg.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the optical equivalent\Nof a modern prosthetic leg?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last several decades have seen\Nthe creation and rapid development
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what are called "focus-tunable lenses."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are several different types.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mechanically-shifting Alvarez lenses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deformable liquid lenses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electronically-switched, \Nliquid-crystal lenses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these have their own tradeoffs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what they don't skimp on\Nis the visual experience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Full field-of-view vision that can be\Nsharp at any desirable distance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, great.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lenses we need already exist;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem solved, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not so fast.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Focus-tunable lenses add a bit\Nof complexity to the equation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lenses don't have any way\Nof knowing what distance
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should be focused to.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we really need are glasses\Nthat, when you're looking far,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far objects are sharp,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you're looking near,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near objects come into focus
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere in your field of view\Nand without you having to think about it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I've worked on these last\Nfew years at Stamford
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is building that exact intelligence\Naround the lenses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our prototype borrows technology\Nfrom virtual and augmented reality systems
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to estimate focusing distance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an eye tracker that can help tell\Nwhat direction our eyes are focused in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using two of these,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can directly triangulate\Nyour gaze direction
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get a focus estimate.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just in case though,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase reliability we also added\Na distance censor.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The censor is a camera that looks\Nout at the world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reports distances to objects.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can again use your gaze direction\Nto get a distance estimate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a second time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then fuse those two distance estimates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and update the focus-tunable\Nlens power accordingly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next step for us was of course\Nto test our device on actual people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we recruited about 100 presbyopes\Nand had them test our device
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we measured their performance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we saw convinced us right then\Nthat autofocals were the future.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our participants could see more clearly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could focus more quickly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought it was an easier\Nand better focusing experience
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than their current correction.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put it simply:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to vision,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autofocals don't compromise\Nlike static corrections in use today do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't want to get ahead of myself.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of work for my colleagues\Nand me left to do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, our glasses are a bit --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bulky, maybe?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one reason for this is that we used\Nbulkier components
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are often intended\Nfor research use or industrial use.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another is that we need to strap\Neverything down
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because current eye-tracking algorithms\Ndon't have the robustness that we need.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So moving forward,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we move from a research\Nsetting to a start-up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we plan to make future autofocals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually look a little bit more\Nlike normal glasses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this to happen,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll need to significantly improve
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the robustness\Nof our eye-tracking solution.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll also need to incorporate smaller\Nand more efficient electronics and lenses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, even with\Nour current prototype,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've shown that today's\Nfocus-tunable lens technology
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is capable of out-performing\Ntraditional forms of static correction.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's only a matter of time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear that in the near future,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of worrying about which pair\Nof glasses to use and when,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll be able to just focus\Non the important things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)