[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.29,0:00:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know the value of the new. Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.23,0:00:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new changes our lives; Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.31,0:00:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it engineers progress; Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.21,0:00:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shapes the future. Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.41,0:00:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is the new? Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.27,0:00:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we first meet the new, Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.29,0:00:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's always never quite\Nwhat we expected it to be like. Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.88,0:00:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels useless; Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.04,0:00:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels threatening; Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.85,0:00:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels disruptive to the way\Nwe normally run our lives. Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.97,0:00:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It always feels easier, better\Nto do without the new. Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.78,0:00:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I want to talk\Nabout the new in language. Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.60,0:00:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language, by definition, is something old. Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.09,0:00:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The age of language itself\Nsecures for it two things: Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.61,0:00:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firstly, a stable community of speakers, Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.71,0:00:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secondly, a stable,\Nconsistent manner of use. Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.05,0:00:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means the two things being Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.51,0:01:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who will speak\Nthis language together Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who know\Nwhat is the vocabulary, Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the syntax, Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.62,0:01:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the structures of the language Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.06,0:01:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and know how to communicate\Nwith each other. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.59,0:01:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I want to talk\Nabout Singlish, can? Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.21,0:01:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughs) Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.21,0:01:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.82,0:01:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.04,0:01:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[SINGLISH] Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.71,0:01:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the years, Singlish ah,\Nhas 'kena' a lot of bad press Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.68,0:01:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the government, from the schools, Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.80,0:01:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a lot of sectors, you know,\Nwho believe in English. Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.21,0:01:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't get the sense\Nof what the broader use of Singlish is Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.65,0:01:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than, you know, you just buy food\Nfrom the 'kopitiam' or the hawker centre Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.48,0:01:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or trying to find the 'jamban' after that\Nwhen you 'kena' food poisoning. Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.52,0:01:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.76,0:01:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels too 'kampung',\Nthe use of Singlish. Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.38,0:01:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to be at odds Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.67,0:01:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our Singaporean\Npursuit of excellence, Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.01,0:01:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pursuit of economic progress\Nin the international world. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.51,0:02:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is Singlish the enemy of English? Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.96,0:02:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the enemy of business English? Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.26,0:02:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you see, in this stigmatisation, Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.57,0:02:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we all fail to notice Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.07,0:02:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that Singlish may well not be\Na creature of the old. Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.34,0:02:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if it's the creature of the new? Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.05,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are three thoughts\NI want to share with you this evening. Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.42,0:02:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, Singlish is only as old\Nas the concept of multicultural Singapore. Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.22,0:02:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means there has been no Singlish Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.85,0:02:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before there was\Na multicultural Singapore, Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.39,0:02:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it cannot not exist Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.83,0:02:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as we, as Singaporeans,\Nremain multicultural. Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.42,0:02:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two fundamental\Npillars of Singlish. Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.44,0:02:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, firstly, 'kampung' life. Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.73,0:02:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in 'kampung' life - Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.01,0:03:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is village life, when Singapore\Nwas not as progressive decades ago - Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.55,0:03:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diverse people\Nwould talk across languages. Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.54,0:03:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People from different communities\Nwould learn how other people speak Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.29,0:03:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then communicate with them by means\Nof how he or she knows how to speak. Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.86,0:03:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, there is commerce. Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.70,0:03:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And commerce is a way in which\Npeople from different countries, Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.66,0:03:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different communities outside Singapore Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.12,0:03:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a way to meet, Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.90,0:03:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exchange things, Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.56,0:03:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to buy things, Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.85,0:03:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sell things. Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.07,0:03:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, through those, Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.06,0:03:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they achieve a kind of common goal\Nof trying to understand each other. Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.85,0:03:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people come into contact. Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.01,0:03:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as far as our 'same-same' future\Nis about building some global 'kampung', Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.20,0:03:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or some global village, Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.90,0:03:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish is actually very relevant. Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.48,0:03:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The future, if you stop to think about it, Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.96,0:04:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will actually sound a lot like Singlish\Nrather than English. Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.52,0:04:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[#2 Singlish globalises.] Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.15,0:04:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, Singlish is a version\Nof a global language. Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.01,0:04:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speakers of Singlish do this: Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.82,0:04:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they find something\Nin their own stem language Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.05,0:04:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can overcome\Nits own language barrier. Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.39,0:04:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that in the language\Nthat we normally speak, Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.30,0:04:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we move from the inward-looking part Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.09,0:04:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we move to the borders,\Nto the accessible, outward-looking part, Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.55,0:04:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there create communication Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.37,0:04:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other people\Nfrom a different language sector. Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.92,0:04:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish is therefore very open\Nto the involvement of other languages Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.17,0:04:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the developments within languages. Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.93,0:04:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is more able to do\Nwhat we call 'potong jalan' ah, Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.51,0:04:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 'potong' - 'cut' - Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.80,0:04:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'jalan' means 'walk'. Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.16,0:04:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You 'potong jalan' across\Ndistinct grammars and syntaxes. Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.70,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You create a way where previously\Nthere was no way to communicate. Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.17,0:05:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this not how English itself developed Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.59,0:05:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become the global language\Nof our time today? Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.01,0:05:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, English\Nhas developed for 1,500 years Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.70,0:05:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by absorbing German,\NCeltic, Latin, French, Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.60,0:05:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and words from different British colonies\Nlike Singapore and Malaysia and India. Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.61,0:05:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at how English developed, Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.59,0:05:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shifts. Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.62,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It began as Old English, Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 to 1100 AD, Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.51,0:05:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Middle English, Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.73,0:05:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was spoken 1100 AD to 1500 AD, Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.88,0:05:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Early Modern English Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.10,0:05:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the 17th century\Nto the 19th century, Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.81,0:05:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arriving at what we get now, Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.53,0:05:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is English\Nin the 20th century onwards. Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.80,0:05:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, English itself\Nhasn't been stable - Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.24,0:05:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also always changing. Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.85,0:05:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know, for example, Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.40,0:05:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the words 'one',\N'two', 'three' in English Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.94,0:06:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came long ago from the German words\N'eins', 'zwei', 'drei'? Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.34,0:06:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know, for example, Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.10,0:06:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that less than three lifetimes\Nof Singlish ago, Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.10,0:06:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were still saying\N'thou art' and 'thee'? Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.47,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we say 'you are'\Nand 'you' and 'I', right? Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, notice that in Singlish itself, Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.41,0:06:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the words that we have\Nare always changing, Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.52,0:06:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is an interesting aspect. Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.06,0:06:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You never expect to see this\Non a TED stage, ah? Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.47,0:06:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.63,0:06:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the Malay word 'hentam'. Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.65,0:06:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became 'hantam' at some stage. Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.06,0:06:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we say 'hum-tum', right? Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.22,0:06:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word is changing. Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.07,0:06:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We say 'puncit' in Malay. Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.42,0:06:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then at some point\Nwe say 'puncik', with a 'K'. Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.07,0:06:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we say 'pumchek'. Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.20,0:07:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We say 'ah, but then' a long time ago\Nas a way to show disbelief or - you know. Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.50,0:07:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, we say 'arbuthen'. Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.05,0:07:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.38,0:07:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also consider how Singlish\Nis about mixing different words together. Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.79,0:07:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the word 'buay tahan' - Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.42,0:07:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phrase 'buay tahan' we use, Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.22,0:07:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means 'I cannot stand it anymore', Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.25,0:07:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from, in part, Hokkien, Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.46,0:07:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in part, Malay. Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.08,0:07:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the word 'relak one corner' - Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.97,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was what I was doing before this - Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.09,0:07:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is one part Malay, one part English. Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.09,0:07:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have 'steady pom pi pi', Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.28,0:07:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means ah, 'very good ah, excellent', Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.39,0:07:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a lot of TED speeches so far. Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.77,0:07:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Steady' is English;\N'pom pi pi' is Hokkien. Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.03,0:07:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know, in this,\Nwe see that Singlish is evolving, Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.62,0:07:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is my third point. Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.62,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish's evolution actually proves\Nits trend towards a more global form. Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because why? Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.42,0:07:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.66,0:07:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish is still changing. Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.33,0:08:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because it's still changing, Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.86,0:08:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's open to influences from any source\Nit comes into contact with. Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.36,0:08:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A finished language\Nis useless to outsiders. Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.84,0:08:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A finished language has no future Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.82,0:08:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a multicultural society Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.40,0:08:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a multicultural language\Nresides between languages. Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.55,0:08:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish's openness and its fluidity\Nis therefore actually its strength. Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.73,0:08:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yet because of its shifting status, Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.83,0:08:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish lends itself very often\Nto being treated badly Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.16,0:08:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by people who don't understand\Nwhat it's actually doing. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.99,0:08:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think it's teaching\Nour kids bad English; Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.13,0:08:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think it's doing all sorts\Nof horrible things to people's minds. Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.37,0:08:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is reflecting and encouraging\Nthe psychic interaction among people. Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.23,0:08:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than we believe, therefore, Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.59,0:08:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish needs our support\Nand our love now. Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.24,0:08:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.13,0:09:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have, in Singlish, Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.27,0:09:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very unique, powerful,\Nand unconscious national invention. Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.88,0:09:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think anyone\Nactually set out to plan this. Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.26,0:09:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may well prove to be\Nour Singaporean one national resource Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a country that doesn't have any. Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.87,0:09:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.33,0:09:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Singlish may well be\Nour great contribution Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.87,0:09:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the world of inventions\Nand to the world of languages. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.68,0:09:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is practical, Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.42,0:09:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's good-natured, Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.49,0:09:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's funny, Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.82,0:09:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's self-deprecating, Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.53,0:09:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's succinct, Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.13,0:09:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's futuristic, Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.94,0:09:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's identity-clarifying, Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.08,0:09:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's communal, Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.69,0:09:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, most importantly, Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.75,0:09:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's people-powered. Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.04,0:09:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Singlish, if you therefore\Ndare to keep your heart on it - Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.36,0:09:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while, of course, speaking good English - Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.05,0:09:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can help make ourselves\Ninto the hub of how the future speaks. Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.84,0:10:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like to thank you today. Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.01,0:10:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughs) Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.59,0:10:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we would say,\NI hope you enjoy the time here. Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.32,0:10:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Singlish, we say 'song bo'? Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.16,0:10:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Audience: 'Song!' Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.15,0:10:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.53,0:10:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)