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[Eli Oliver]

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Okay, so I'm Eli Oliver.

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I started at USU last semester,[br]so this is my second semester.

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First year.

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I'm originally from Tennessee.

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From a middle of nowhere town,

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about an hour and a half east of [br]Nashville.

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I graduated from UT Knoxville.

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Bachelor's in soil science.

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Let's see, okay.

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Just to show,

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I kind of have some idea of what,[br]I know what I'm doing.

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I was on the UT solar judging team[br]from spring 2017 to fall 2019,

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and within that span, we were the regional

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and national champion team in 2017, 2018,

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and I was the first place individual[br]at the 2019 regionals.

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And I'll argue with some people[br]that we would have won

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nationals in 2020[br]had they not canceled it due to Covid.

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Okay, you can switch to the next one.

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Okay so before I go off telling you [br]how to texture and what it entails, I'm,

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basically just kind of go over[br]why we care about texture.

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It's one of the most basic[br]soil properties, but it influences

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so many other things.

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It's really good to know what you have

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before you go adding things to it[br]or amending your soil.

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Some of the main things[br]texture effects is water storage,

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drainage and water infiltration.

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And just kind of explain this.

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If you have a sandy soil, you're going to

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irrigate at a lesser amount,[br]but you're going to do it

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at a more frequent interval.

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And, with clays, you're going to irrigate[br]for a longer amount of time,

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but you're not going to do it[br]as frequently.

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So you'll do it for just 1 or 2[br]days, compared to maybe

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3 or 4 days for a sandy soil,[br]or depending on what you need.

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It also affects the amount [br]of aeration in the soil

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and along with the ease[br]of working the soil up.

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If you have a real high clay percentage[br]soil, you're going to have a hard time

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tilling it up, if you need to,[br]especially if it starts to dry out.

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And it also affects your soil fertility

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because, all of your nutrient holding[br]capacity is going to come from your clay.

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It's got the, the largest[br]amount of surface area per unit volume.

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So that's where all your nutrient holding[br]capacity comes from.

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And there's really not any on the [br]silt and sand sized particles and,

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it also lets you know what kind of topsoil[br]you want to use.

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Ideally, you want to use an equal mixture[br]of about the three particle sizes.

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And we'll get more into that[br]of what that is.

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And what constitutes this.

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But you want a good mixture of each one

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if you're ordering in topsoil to use.

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And you can switch to the next one now.

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Okay so,

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there's three particle sizes[br]that make up soil texture.

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Sand, silt and clay.

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Sand is 0.08in to .002in.

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And sorry for the

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real small numbers on here,[br]this is usually in metric.

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So I converted it over to inches.

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Sand is going to be the only particle size[br]visible to the naked eye.

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The other two,[br]you need microscopes to see, and clay,

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you're going to need[br]a real strong microscope to see,

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the individual particles,[br]as you can see, silt is

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0.002 to eight to the negative fifth in.

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And clay is everything less than [br]eight to the negative fifth in diameter.

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And I'm not including[br]rock fragments in this, but rock fragment

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is anything bigger than the sand sized[br]particles.

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And here's a visual representation,

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so you can see each size[br]compared to each other.

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And this is in metric,[br]but you can still see

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how much bigger sand is than the other two[br]and how small clay is.

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And something to note here.

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Clay isn't really the shape it is [br]in this diagram.

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It's more of a platy-

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shaped particle, [br]and the other two are more spherical.

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And that, again, ties[br]into some of the surface area

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properties of the clays.

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If you want to switch.

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Okay so just some of the goals for today.

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I'm going to try to teach everybody[br]how to texture by feel.

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And doing that, [br]we'll learn how to estimate

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the particle percentages[br]of your sand, silt and clay.

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And then I'll show you how to determine[br]the texture class of your soil

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and what that might mean for you.

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Okay, so before I get into the [br]different texture classes and how to do it

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I want to tell you[br]how each particle size will feel.

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So you can kind of have

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a general idea of what you're doing[br]before we actually texture it.

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So clay is going to be real sticky.

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As you get higher amounts, it's[br]going to feel

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real similar to modeling clay or playdo.

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And if you let it dry out, [br]it's going to get real hard.

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But the main thing to take from clay[br]is it's going to stick to your fingers

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and it's going to feel like modeling clay[br]or playdo.

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Sand.

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It's going to feel real[br]coarse and gritty at high amounts.

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And if it's primarily sand,

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you're going to have a real [br]loose feeling soil

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and it's not going to form together[br]as well as one with clay will.

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And silt's kind of hard[br]to describe.

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Most people,

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when they're texturing[br]they go off of the other two and just

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subtract what that would be from[br]100 to get your silt.

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But, the way to describe silt,[br]it's smooth but not sticky.

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And I think,

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when you have a high amount of silt,[br]it almost kind of feels like flour

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or things like that.

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It's not going to stick to you,[br]but it's not coarse like sand is.

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You can switch.

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Okay so, here's a diagram.

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I'll go more into this on the next slide.

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But this is just showing you,

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once you go to estimate[br]all three of your particle sizes,

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this is telling you, what texture class[br]you have,

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the ideal soil and one you want to

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kind of pay attention to if you have to[br]order topsoil in, is your loam.

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And that's kind of the equal percentage[br]of all three.

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And that's going to give you the greatest,

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I guess, balance of water-holding capacity[br]and drainage.

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If you had a clay soil,[br]it's going to hold the water.

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It's going to hold more water than a

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sandy soil will, but[br]it's not going to drain as fast either.

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And you might run into drainage issues.

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While sandy soil,

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it's going to drain real good,[br]but it won't hold it much either.

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So ideally you want either a loam,[br]silt loam,

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or maybe a sandy loam too.

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And, this is just showing you

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how to use the triangle.

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If you're by yourself,[br]you can follow this link.

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This is going to go to the NRCS [br]Soil Texture Calculator.

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And at this website[br]you can just type in what you think each

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particle size percentage is[br]and it'll tell you.

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But, I'll show you[br]how to, use this triangle.

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So what we'll do,[br]we'll start with sand percentages.

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So we'll go to 40% sand and Melony,

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if you click these, it'll bring up arrows[br]I have on the triangle.

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So we'll go 40% sand and then silt[br]will be on the right side going down.

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So 40% silt.

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It'll look like that.

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And then 20% clay.

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Clay is going to go on the left[br]and just go sideways.

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So you get that,[br]and that'll leave you with the loam.

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And we'll go through the other two[br]real fast just so everybody

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gets a good idea.

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One with 50% sand, 10% silt,

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and 40% clay is going to leave you[br]with the sandy clay.

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And by the way,[br]that's one of the hardest textures to do.

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It just feels so weird.

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And, finally, one with 15% sand, 55% silt,

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and 30% clay is going to leave you[br]with the silty clay loam.

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And again, if you,

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find this too confusing to read, I know[br]it takes some getting used to at first.

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You can always just go to this website,[br]especially as we go to do your own later,

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and you could just type[br]in what you think it is

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and it'll automatically give you the

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particle size class for it.

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So this right here,

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don't worry about this.

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I just wanted to show you,[br]this is the flow chart.

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The Natural Resource Conservation Service

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has put together when determining texture.

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I'll go through all this step by step.

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But the only thing I think you really need[br]to pay attention to, and I'll,

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I'll remind you of that is, [br]there's a, in the middle,

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there's, different links for the ribbon[br]and I'll go into that.

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And that's kind of how you can[br]estimate your clay percentage

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and go off of your texture[br]based from there.

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But we'll get into that after this.

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Okay so the first thing you want to do[br]when texturing,

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you're going to want[br]a decent amount of soil on your hand.

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I think the guidelines from[br]that starts about 25g.

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You really just want to fill your palm up.

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And yours isn't going to [br]look like this here.

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This is soil I had that I ground up[br]for analysis, and it's real dry.

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So that's why it[br]looks the way it does. But,

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you just want a good amount in your hand

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and, what you want to do, you want to[br]wet it the soil until it's moist.

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And you don't want it too wet,[br]what you want,

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you kind of[br]want it to have a shine on the surface.

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If you have too much water, it's[br]going to cause the soil to fall apart.

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And you're going to have to either[br]start again or add more dry soil to it to

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get it to take.

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But if you don't add enough water,[br]you won't be able to feel,

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or adequately feel all the different[br]particle sizes, and you can't

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get an accurate texture by feel.

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So, you kind of want it to have a shine.

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Let me see if I can get it here.

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I don't know if you can see that here,[br]but that's about how wet you want it.

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I can work it up real good

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and feel everything right now.

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So what we're going to do after[br]we get it wet.

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If I'm going to fast on any of this,[br]just slow me down too.

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But, we're going to try to form a ball[br]in your hands.

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And only soils[br]with high sand percentages,

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that's the only one[br]will not be able to form a ball.

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So automatically, if you can't form a ball[br]with the soil,

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you know you have just sand.

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And a good way to tell, or pickup[br]on clay content early on.

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It's going to feel very firm[br]when working the soil into a ball.

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If you have high amounts of clay.

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And after this, we're going[br]to try to form a ribbon from the ball.

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And I'll go into that more later.

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So this is what, ideally[br]what your ball should look like.

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Again you want a decent amount.

0:10:51.200,0:10:52.480
Notice the shine on here.

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So that's kind of how wet you want it.

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And just try to form the ball[br]in your hands.

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Again, if you don't have a lot of sand,[br]it won't be able to form a ball.

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But only, the only one not able to form[br]a ball is straight sand.

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Even on the triangle early,[br]there's this sandy loam category

0:11:12.040,0:11:16.240
which is close to straight sand but it's,[br]it should still be able to form a ball.

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So I don't think anybody here[br]will have straight sand, hopefully.

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And again, your clay soils[br]are going to feel very firm.

0:11:26.040,0:11:28.597
So, we'll start on the ribbon now

0:11:28.597,0:11:31.200
if you want to go to the next one.

0:11:31.920,0:11:33.880
So, what we're going to do,

0:11:33.880,0:11:36.880
if you just have,[br]I'm gonna work this up in a ball again.

0:11:38.320,0:11:39.360
Trash can

0:11:39.360,0:11:42.020
so I don't get too nasty.

0:11:43.360,0:11:44.070
So I have my,

0:11:44.070,0:11:46.850
I don't know if you can see this,[br]but I have my ball here.

0:11:46.850,0:11:50.658
So what we're going to do is we're going[br]to want to try to make a ribbon with it.

0:11:50.658,0:11:52.560
So what we'll do,

0:11:52.560,0:11:54.800
get it is about as round as you can.

0:11:54.800,0:12:00.560
And you want to hold your thumb on the top[br]and push it over your index finger,

0:12:00.560,0:12:01.760
like this.

0:12:01.760,0:12:04.360
Could you hold your hand up a little bit[br]higher?

0:12:04.360,0:12:05.280
Can you see it now?

0:12:05.280,0:12:07.680
Maybe down a little bit.[br]So yeah. There you go.

0:12:07.680,0:12:08.520
Okay.

0:12:10.250,0:12:13.530
So we're going to push it over[br]our index finger.

0:12:13.530,0:12:17.110
And what we're trying to look for here[br]is how long it gets before it breaks.

0:12:17.110,0:12:19.360
And that's a good way to,

0:12:19.360,0:12:22.360
estimate your clay percentage and,

0:12:22.520,0:12:25.520
the breaks here.

0:12:26.280,0:12:29.520
If you have about a less[br]than one inch ribbon before it breaks,

0:12:29.920,0:12:32.680
you're going to either have a loam,

0:12:32.680,0:12:35.680
silt loam or a sandy loam.

0:12:35.680,0:12:37.400
And the way to determine from there.

0:12:37.400,0:12:40.400
First off, you go by your ribbon length[br]and that'll,

0:12:40.750,0:12:43.080
give you a rough estimate[br]of your clay percentage.

0:12:43.080,0:12:47.000
And then if it feels real gritty,[br]you'll probably have a sandy loam.

0:12:47.000,0:12:49.800
If it feels extra smooth,

0:12:49.800,0:12:50.880
it'll be a silt loam.

0:12:50.880,0:12:53.880
And then if it's neither,[br]you just go with a loam.

0:12:54.840,0:12:57.840
If it's about one to two inches [br]before breaking,

0:12:58.200,0:13:02.600
you're either going to have a sandy clay[br]loam, silty clay loam or clay loam.

0:13:02.600,0:13:06.120
And again, just go off the grittiness[br]or smoothness to it

0:13:06.480,0:13:08.920
after you have your ribbon size.

0:13:08.920,0:13:11.080
And let me try to work it up more.

0:13:13.320,0:13:15.240
The soil I got was really dry too,

0:13:15.240,0:13:18.240
so I had to add a lot of water to it[br]before it'd start to take.

0:13:21.160,0:13:23.000
And if it's more than two inches

0:13:23.000,0:13:26.120
or 5cm,[br]you're going to get into your real high

0:13:26.120,0:13:29.120
clay texture classes[br]and that'll either be,

0:13:29.760,0:13:32.760
sandy clay, silty clay or clay.

0:13:33.640,0:13:38.600
And once you get over about 50 to 60%[br]clay, that's super high.

0:13:38.600,0:13:42.080
Like a high[br]clay percentage is to like 30%.

0:13:42.080,0:13:45.596
But once you're over 50 or so, it's[br]just going to be straight clay

0:13:45.596,0:13:48.240
on all of the triangle.

0:13:48.800,0:13:50.760
So, if you want to go to the next slide,

0:13:50.760,0:13:54.440
it shows kind of what it should look like[br]when you first work it up.

0:13:55.240,0:13:57.800
So that's how you go.

0:13:57.800,0:13:59.870
Just keep pushing it over[br]until you get it.

0:13:59.870,0:14:02.030
And you kind of[br]want it thinner than that. But

0:14:02.030,0:14:05.430
that's what it should look like[br]when you first start making your ribbon,

0:14:05.430,0:14:08.480
and you just kind of[br]want it to fall over your finger here.

0:14:09.880,0:14:13.240
And this is a good way just to get an idea[br]when you're first doing it.

0:14:13.240,0:14:14.540
A lot of people,

0:14:14.540,0:14:17.900
they don't, or a lot of people I know[br]don't even use the ribbon method.

0:14:17.900,0:14:21.680
They've just done it so much,[br]they kind of know how it feels like. But,

0:14:21.960,0:14:25.920
the ribbon is the best way to tell for[br]the first time, how much clay you have.

0:14:27.240,0:14:30.240
And if you go to the next slide.

0:14:30.720,0:14:33.200
That'll show,[br]what the final ribbon should look like.

0:14:33.200,0:14:35.760
And that's from the same soil[br]I'm holding here.

0:14:35.760,0:14:37.040
It just looks different.

0:14:37.040,0:14:38.760
I probably had it

0:14:38.760,0:14:41.760
at a better consistency[br]when I first worked up, but,

0:14:42.180,0:14:45.440
again, your higher clay contents[br]are going to lead to longer ribbons.

0:14:45.720,0:14:48.040
And that ribbon there, I have it,

0:14:48.040,0:14:49.200
here, probably right up

0:14:50.280,0:14:53.280
close to maybe two inches or so.

0:14:53.280,0:14:56.440
So I think this and it's, doesn't[br]feel gritty at all.

0:14:56.440,0:14:57.400
It's kind of smooth.

0:14:57.400,0:15:01.640
So this is probably either[br]a silty clay loam or a silty clay.

0:15:01.840,0:15:06.040
Going based off this, I forget what[br]the soil series had it described as but

0:15:06.800,0:15:07.910
going off the ribbon

0:15:07.910,0:15:10.480
it's going to be right[br]on the borderline of those two.

0:15:10.480,0:15:13.200
And you would just make your best estimate[br]at that point.

0:15:13.200,0:15:16.200
Getting it that close is pretty good[br]no matter what.

0:15:18.120,0:15:21.017
If you want to go to the next slide,

0:15:21.017,0:15:23.120
I can tell you[br]some other things to consider.

0:15:23.120,0:15:24.760
And if anybody needs me to go back

0:15:24.760,0:15:29.040
or show more of the ribbon, just put it[br]in the chat and I'll try to show it more.

0:15:30.640,0:15:32.360
But a way to help with determining

0:15:32.360,0:15:35.360
the exact sand percentage of your soil.

0:15:36.600,0:15:39.600
So what we want to do[br]is put a real small amount

0:15:40.280,0:15:43.280
in our hand, and by a small amount, I mean

0:15:43.890,0:15:44.640
something,

0:15:44.640,0:15:46.630
I don't know if you can see

0:15:46.630,0:15:48.320
how much I have here, but not much.

0:15:48.320,0:15:50.920
Maybe a little more than this.[br]But it won't take much.

0:15:50.920,0:15:52.880
And there's no sand in this either.

0:15:52.880,0:15:55.560
But just to show you[br]kind of how much you want.

0:15:55.560,0:16:00.080
So you put a very small amount and you'll[br]leave it in the palm of your hand,

0:16:00.540,0:16:01.960
and that'll make a mess here.

0:16:01.960,0:16:04.200
But oh well.

0:16:04.200,0:16:07.400
So what you'll do, you'll about flood[br]your hand.

0:16:08.000,0:16:10.390
Just get like, a pool of water,

0:16:10.390,0:16:13.320
and you want to have it thoroughly,[br]and you want to rub it in,

0:16:13.800,0:16:14.640
and you want to

0:16:14.640,0:16:17.640
get it good[br]and just kind of let it drain out.

0:16:19.960,0:16:21.560
And if you have sand in there,

0:16:21.560,0:16:24.720
the sand should all only sand[br]should be left.

0:16:24.820,0:16:26.960
All the others[br]should wash out with the water.

0:16:26.960,0:16:29.440
If you just kind of carefully drain it.

0:16:29.440,0:16:33.480
And what you do is you compare what's[br]remaining to the initial amount you had,

0:16:33.480,0:16:37.080
and that'll give you a rough, [br]rough estimate of your sand.

0:16:38.440,0:16:41.920
And, if you go based off of that,

0:16:42.480,0:16:45.400
you can add that to your clay percentage.

0:16:45.400,0:16:49.400
Eli, I understand when you're flooding[br]your hand, you cannot hold your hand

0:16:49.400,0:16:51.960
over your computer for it[br]to show up in the video.

0:16:51.960,0:16:53.160
Please don't do that.

0:16:53.160,0:16:54.280
Can you describe it?

0:16:54.280,0:16:56.520
You've got[br]you've got some soil in your hand.

0:16:56.520,0:16:59.440
You're adding water like a puddle, right?

0:16:59.440,0:17:00.552
Yeah. And you're-

0:17:00.552,0:17:03.010
Don't try to show that for the video.

0:17:04.780,0:17:05.810
Here I'll stay right

0:17:05.810,0:17:08.984
You're able to hold your hand [br]further away from the camera, yep.

0:17:08.984,0:17:11.710
Back up a little bit and you [br]should be able to show that,

0:17:11.710,0:17:13.040
There you go. Okay, well.

0:17:13.040,0:17:16.840
All I did was get my hand real wet,[br]and I had, like, a pinch of soil in there,

0:17:16.840,0:17:19.440
you just rub it in.

0:17:20.110,0:17:21.920
You just rub it in and drain it out,

0:17:21.920,0:17:25.220
and you can see the sand grains left over,[br]and you kind of compare

0:17:25.520,0:17:29.040
the amount they take up on your hand to[br]what was there before.

0:17:29.520,0:17:32.880
And that'll give you a rough estimate[br]of your sand percentage.

0:17:33.440,0:17:37.480
And if you add that to your clay, you can[br]subtract it from 100 to get your silt.

0:17:38.040,0:17:41.280
And then, add that to determine[br]what texture class

0:17:41.280,0:17:44.280
you have.

0:17:44.320,0:17:47.040
And then there's some other weird[br]ways to pick up on sand.

0:17:48.200,0:17:50.240
You can hear it.

0:17:50.240,0:17:52.950
I know it sounds weird,[br]but if you have a lot of sand,

0:17:52.950,0:17:56.040
you can put it up to your ear[br]when you're working it in the ball,

0:17:56.040,0:17:59.040
and you'll kind of hear that gritty sound.

0:18:00.240,0:18:03.320
And, it's really[br]just to let you know that it's there

0:18:03.320,0:18:06.320
and you can't really determine[br]how much you have

0:18:06.720,0:18:09.720
at that point, but it's a good indication[br]that you have sand.

0:18:10.280,0:18:13.880
And, I know a lot of people[br]that have tasted their soil

0:18:13.880,0:18:15.480
to try to determine sand.

0:18:15.480,0:18:18.360
I wouldn't recommend doing this.

0:18:18.360,0:18:21.560
That, those sand grains[br]are going to stay in your mouth

0:18:21.560,0:18:25.280
a lot longer than you think they would,[br]and it, it's not a fun time.

0:18:25.280,0:18:27.820
Also, no telling what's

0:18:27.820,0:18:30.510
in your soil sample that you have,[br]so you probably don't

0:18:30.510,0:18:32.210
want to go around eating it anyway.

0:18:32.210,0:18:35.480
But some of the people I did soil judging[br]with didn't really care,

0:18:35.480,0:18:36.987
and they'd eat it all the time.

0:18:38.760,0:18:39.540
Again with soil.

0:18:39.540,0:18:43.200
If you have high clay contents, it's[br]going to leave a fingerprint behind too.

0:18:43.200,0:18:46.160
And what I mean by[br]that is if you take your ball

0:18:47.400,0:18:51.360
and just push it in, you can see, you[br]probably can't see too good there,

0:18:51.360,0:18:54.760
but it'll leave behind the fingerprint[br]on the ball that you can see.

0:18:55.920,0:18:58.920
If it's mainly silt or sand,[br]it won't do that.

0:18:59.320,0:19:04.800
And, if you have high clay soils,[br]something we would do for fun.

0:19:04.800,0:19:07.800
We'd let them dry out and throw each other[br]throw at each other,

0:19:07.800,0:19:10.290
and they'd stay together as a ball.

0:19:11.680,0:19:13.080
If there's anything else

0:19:13.080,0:19:16.500
I need to go over or re-texture anything[br]just let me know.