[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.27,0:00:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Did you know that Alexander the Great
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.34,0:00:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a habit of renaming\Ncities after himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.28,0:00:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in one case, he even named a city
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.20,0:00:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after his beloved horse.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.94,0:00:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stick around to learn all\Nabout Alexander the Great
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.61,0:00:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in honor of his birthday.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.72,0:00:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gentle plucky music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.12,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, and welcome to "World\NHistory Encyclopedia."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.06,0:00:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name is Kelly, and\Nin honor of the birth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.28,0:00:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Alexander the Great on either the 20th
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.95,0:00:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 21st of July, 356 BCE,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.16,0:00:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to be answering the questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.32,0:00:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is Alexander the Great?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.09,0:00:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is he so famous and\Nwas he ever defeated?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.18,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Happy birthday, Alexander.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.07,0:00:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't forget the easiest way to support us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.38,0:00:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by giving this video a thumbs up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.66,0:00:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subscribing to our channel
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.25,0:00:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hitting the bell\Nicon for notifications
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.77,0:00:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you don't miss out on our new uploads,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.84,0:00:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every Tuesday and Friday.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.20,0:00:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(plucky music continues)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.58,0:01:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander the Great, also\Nknown as Alexander III
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.88,0:01:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Macedon became king of\NMacedon after the death
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.12,0:01:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his father, King Philip II, in 336 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.38,0:01:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander is known for\Nboth his military might
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.02,0:01:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his diplomatic skills,\Nwhich aided in his expansion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.17,0:01:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Macedonian Kingdom\Nto an empire of a size
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.47,0:01:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his father had not even dreamed of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.14,0:01:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander is recognized as\Na key figure in the spread
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.23,0:01:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Greek culture and language\Nthroughout the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.01,0:01:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his death sparked
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.78,0:01:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beginning of the Hellenistic period,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.12,0:01:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which spanned from 323 to 31 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.70,0:01:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his death, his\Ncampaigns became legendary,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.84,0:01:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later Greek and Roman generals learned
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.36,0:01:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from his successes and failures
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.55,0:01:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were influenced by his tactics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.70,0:01:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Alexander was young,\Nhe was taught to fight
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.07,0:01:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ride by Leonidas of\NEpirus and how to read, write,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.76,0:01:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and play the lyre by\NLysimachus of Acarnania.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.61,0:01:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was 13 or 14, he was tutored
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.98,0:02:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Greek philosopher,\NAristotle until he was 16/
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.79,0:02:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps due to Aristotle's teachings
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.92,0:02:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which encouraged tolerance,\NAlexander never forced
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.15,0:02:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greek culture on those he conquered,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.70,0:02:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but simply introduced it to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.89,0:02:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite his father, Philip\NII laying the groundwork
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.55,0:02:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Alexander to be successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.86,0:02:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander claimed all\Nthe credit for himself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.95,0:02:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chose to call himself a son of Zeus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.71,0:02:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claiming to be a demigod,\Nmodeling his behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.40,0:02:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after his two favorite\Nheroes, Hercules and Achilles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.08,0:02:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This claim was in part due to Olympias,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.51,0:02:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander's mother claiming\Nthat his was a virgin birth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.84,0:02:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that she was miraculously\Nimpregnated by Zeus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.83,0:02:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander's childhood friends,\NHephaestion, Cassander
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.19,0:02:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Ptolemy would all\Nbecome lifelong companions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.49,0:02:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generals in his army.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.23,0:02:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Aristotle's great\Nnephew, Callisthenes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.87,0:02:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was also a friend, would\Nbecome the court historian
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.20,0:03:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and follow Alexander on campaign.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.45,0:03:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 18 years old in 338 BCE\Nat the Battle of Chaeronea
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.77,0:03:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fought between the Macedonian Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.81,0:03:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Greek allied city states,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.97,0:03:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander's military skill\Nwas first noted when he turned
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.18,0:03:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tide of the battle\Nfor a Macedonian victory,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.30,0:03:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and afterwards the Greek city states
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.03,0:03:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were brought under Macedonian rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.67,0:03:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 336 BCE, just two years\Nafter the battle of Chaeronea,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.96,0:03:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philip II died and\NAlexander assumed the throne
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.20,0:03:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as King of Macedon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.91,0:03:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander wasted no time in\Nembarking on the extensive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.84,0:03:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaign that his father\Nhad been planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.51,0:03:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the conquest of the Persian empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.89,0:03:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gentle plucky music continues)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.31,0:03:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As King, Alexander the\NGreat moved into Asia Minor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.73,0:03:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern day Turkey in 334,\NBCE, with 32,000 infantry
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.62,0:03:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 5,100 cavalry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.11,0:03:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in May of 334, he\Nfought the Persian satraps
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.47,0:04:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or governors at the Battle of\NGranicus and was victorious.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.30,0:04:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to Alexander, he\Nthen liberated the cities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.69,0:04:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Sardis and Ephesus from Persian rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.75,0:04:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although, his word liberated\Nhas been understood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.20,0:04:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the conquest of these cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.60,0:04:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 333 BCE, Alexander fought\Nthe Persian King Darius III
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.49,0:04:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Battle of Isis, a battle famous
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.95,0:04:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for its depiction on the Alexander Mosaic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.77,0:04:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander defeated Darius's larger force
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.65,0:04:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he then sacked the Phoenician cities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.63,0:04:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Baalbek and Sidon and\Nin 332, he laid siege
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.71,0:04:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the island city of Tyre.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.87,0:04:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The siege of Tyre is a famous\Nexample of his commitment
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.08,0:04:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to victory and his ruthfulness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.81,0:04:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to bring his siege\Nengines within striking distance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.62,0:04:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Tyre's walls, he had his\Narmy build a land bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.76,0:04:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out to the island, which\Nis how the island city
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.79,0:04:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became linked to the land\Nas the site still is today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.39,0:05:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in response to the\Nstubbornness of the inhabitants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.48,0:05:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the city refusing to surrender,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.39,0:05:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he slaughtered most of them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.13,0:05:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then sold the survivors as slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 331, he moved to Egypt and conquered it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.91,0:05:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and founded the city of Alexandria there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.70,0:05:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named after himself, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.12,0:05:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander had a habit of naming cities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.46,0:05:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after himself and even\Nhis horse Bucephalus,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we'll get to that later.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.71,0:05:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander marched his army\Nacross the desert to the oasis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.16,0:05:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Siwa so that he could\Nvisit the Oracle of Zeus Ammon
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.34,0:05:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that presided there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.86,0:05:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander knew of the infallible\Nreputation of the oracle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.67,0:05:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had been consulted by the\Nhero's Heracles and Perseus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.14,0:05:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander asked the\Noracle whether his father
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.75,0:05:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was truly Philip II, and the\NOracle declared his true father
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.80,0:05:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be Zeus Ammon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.48,0:05:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no military\Nvalue to marching to Siwa
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.33,0:05:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and losing some men to the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.67,0:05:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was either to satisfy his megalomania
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.52,0:06:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a cleverly calculated\NPR stunt to spread the myth
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.64,0:06:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of him being a demigod or both.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.22,0:06:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will never know.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.38,0:06:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next phase of Alexander's conquests
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.11,0:06:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is known as the Persian campaigns.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.05,0:06:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 331, Alexander met Darius\NIII in battle, once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.97,0:06:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time at the battle of Gaugamela,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.37,0:06:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also known as\Nthe battle of Arbela.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.55,0:06:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander was victorious again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.59,0:06:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darius fled the battle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.27,0:06:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then Alexander took the\Ncities of Babylon and Susa,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.87,0:06:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which both surrendered to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.58,0:06:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's safe to say that\NAlexander was on a roll.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.43,0:06:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the winter of 330,\NAlexander and his army
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.61,0:06:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marched to Persepolis and\Ndefeated the Persian hero,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.27,0:06:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ariobarzanes and his\Nsister Youtab Ariobarzane
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.02,0:06:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the battle of the Persian Gates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.18,0:06:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after Alexander was victorious,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.82,0:06:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he set Persepolis on fire,\Nprobably in a drunken folly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.78,0:06:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the summer of the same\Nyear, Darius was assassinated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.60,0:07:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by his cousin and General Bessus,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.09,0:07:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Alexander thought was deplorable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.88,0:07:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the death of Darius,\NAlexander crowned himself
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.12,0:07:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the King of Asia, gave Darius the burial
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.06,0:07:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a Persian emperor and\Nthen marched his army
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.97,0:07:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Bactria what is now\Nmodern day Afghanistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.45,0:07:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you haven't noticed by\Nnow, this man does not stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.72,0:07:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the years 330 and\N327, Alexander campaigned
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.56,0:07:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Bactria and Sogdiana\Nand won every engagement.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.25,0:07:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 329, he destroyed\Nthe city of Cyropolis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.58,0:07:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defeated the Scythians and\Nfounded another city named
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.30,0:07:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after himself, Alexandria\NEschate on the Jaxartes River.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.59,0:07:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was around this point that Alexander
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.11,0:07:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to portray himself\Nnot just as a liberator
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.05,0:07:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cities, but as a God.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.94,0:07:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He adopted the title that the rulers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.83,0:07:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the first Persian\Nempire used shahansha,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.19,0:07:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means king of kings.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.96,0:07:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Persian custom of proskynesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.45,0:07:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant that those who\Naddressed him had to kneel
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.21,0:07:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kiss his hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.92,0:08:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To say that his Macedonian\Ntroops were unhappy about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.85,0:08:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an understatement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.65,0:08:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His troops became increasingly\Nunhappy with his adoption
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.10,0:08:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Persian customs and were growing more
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.80,0:08:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.51,0:08:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so that assassination\Nplans were formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.32,0:08:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the conspirators\Nand those who committed treason
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.55,0:08:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or questioned his authority\Nwere found out and executed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.05,0:08:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including his close friends, Cleitus,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.39,0:08:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was killed with the javelin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.19,0:08:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Callisthenes who was\Nimprisoned and died in confinement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.05,0:08:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 327, Alexander married\Nthe Batrian woman, Roxana,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.49,0:08:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then set his sights on India.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.92,0:08:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Indian king Ambhi of\NTaxila surrendered quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.40,0:08:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Aspasioi and\NAssakenoi tribes resisted.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.09,0:08:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 326, Alexander had subdued the tribes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.36,0:08:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then fought King Porus of Paurava
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.40,0:08:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his war elephants at the\Nbattle of Hydaspes River.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.18,0:09:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In true Alexander\Nfashion, he won the battle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.12,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then made Porus\Nruler of a larger region
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than he'd previously held.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.74,0:09:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of how bravely he\Nand his troops had fought.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.95,0:09:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this battle, his\Nhorse Bucephalus was killed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.25,0:09:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so of course, he named\Nthe city Bucephala after him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.92,0:09:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By now, Alexander's troops were exhausted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.16,0:09:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't wanna go any further,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.23,0:09:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took some convincing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.27,0:09:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But finally, Alexander\Ndecided to head back to Susa.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.20,0:09:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half his troops were sent by sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.33,0:09:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and half he marched through\Nthe Gedrosian Desert
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.72,0:09:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where many died of thirst and starvation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.05,0:09:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why he chose to do this,\Nwe don't really know.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.26,0:09:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he finally arrived back\Nin Susa, he found that many
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.92,0:09:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the satraps he left in\Ncharge had abused their power,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.79,0:09:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he executed them, as well as those
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.92,0:09:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who vandalized Cyrus the Great's tomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.86,0:09:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander wanted to merge\Nthe cultures of Macedonia
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.46,0:10:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Persia more, so in 324, he\Nheld a mass marriage service
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.84,0:10:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Susa, where he married\NPersian noble women
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.05,0:10:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to senior members of his staff
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.12,0:10:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to connect himself to Persian royalty,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.88,0:10:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he married one of Darius III's daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.85,0:10:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His men rejected this cultural merging
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.31,0:10:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his adoption of Persian dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.68,0:10:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they really didn't like\Nhow he merged the Macedonian
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.13,0:10:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Persian army units\Nand promoted Persians
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.31,0:10:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to high positions, even though it seems
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.13,0:10:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was an effective policy\Nin furthering his goal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.04,0:10:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of uniting the two cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.87,0:10:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after looking at all these battles,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.66,0:10:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Alexander the Great took part in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.76,0:10:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during his short life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.62,0:10:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Alexander the Great ever defeated?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.90,0:10:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, he was not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.66,0:10:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gentle plucky music continues)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.86,0:10:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the year 324, his closest\Ncompanion, Hephaestion died
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.24,0:10:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a fever and Alexander's\Ngrief was inconsolable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.32,0:10:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arian wrote that Alexander\Nkilled Hephaestion's doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.38,0:11:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he failed to heal him.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.42,0:11:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander declared a period of mourning
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.85,0:11:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave him the funeral rights\Nusually reserved for a king.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.57,0:11:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A year after the death of his\Nclosest friend and companion,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.10,0:11:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander the Great suffered\N10 days of a high fever
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.55,0:11:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before he died on June 10 or\N11 in 323 at the age of 32.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.65,0:11:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a few competing\Nhypotheses regarding the death
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.32,0:11:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Alexander the Great,\Nranging from poisoning
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.14,0:11:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or assassination, typhoid or malaria,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.87,0:11:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new hypotheses\Ncontinue to be suggested.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.62,0:11:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More recent suggestions for\Nthe cause of Alexander's death
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.71,0:11:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the West Nile Virus or\NGuillain-Barre syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.79,0:11:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient sources say that Alexander's body
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.67,0:11:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't begin decomposing until six days
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.64,0:11:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after he was proclaimed dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.26,0:11:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and GBS could be the reason why.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.78,0:11:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander may have been\Nexperiencing paralysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.08,0:11:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant his body would not\Nhave needed as much oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.26,0:11:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it may have looked as\Nif he wasn't breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.77,0:12:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient doctors didn't use the pulse
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.90,0:12:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine if someone was alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.12,0:12:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather if they were breathing or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.04,0:12:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when Alexander was confirmed dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.92,0:12:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he may have not actually been\Ndead for another six days.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.37,0:12:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He left no will and named no successor,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.52,0:12:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in the wars then\Nwaged by his generals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.52,0:12:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tore apart the\Nempire he had created.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.55,0:12:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out of these two so-called\Nsuccessor states,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.07,0:12:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two became powerful\Nstates in their own right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.01,0:12:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid, Persia.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.43,0:12:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you believe Alexander\Nthe Great really was great?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.64,0:12:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let us know why or why not,\Ndown in the comments below.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.57,0:12:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you enjoyed this video, make\Nsure to give it a thumbs up
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Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.59,0:12:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gentle plucky music continues)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.90,0:12:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This video was brought to you
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Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.96,0:13:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.43,0:13:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll see you soon with another video.