[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,INSTRUCTOR: Single-case design.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.32,0:00:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is probably one of the most common types of quasi-experimental designs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.38,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes it gets a little confused with case studies for obvious reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.98,0:00:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It includes single case design.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.54,0:00:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like a case study.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.52,0:00:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unlike a case study,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.38,0:00:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so case studies usually just describe people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.98,0:00:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no real manipulation or experiment going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.09,0:00:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no exposure to some type of stimulus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.82,0:00:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to measure a reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.43,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with an actual case study,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.16,0:00:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're just following them in their life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.86,0:00:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeing how they react normally to things,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.46,0:00:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and describing that very special case.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.45,0:00:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a single-case design,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.19,0:00:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, this is quasi-experimental,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.76,0:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are looking at manipulating them in some way oftentimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.52,0:00:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does someone with depression react to this type of therapy?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.26,0:00:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or how does a pack-a-day smoker react to this type of medication or treatment?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.38,0:00:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, you are running a type of experiment, it's a quasi-experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.79,0:01:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not just following these people around and recording their everyday lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.14,0:01:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're trying to change them in some way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.34,0:01:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually, or treat them is maybe a better way of saying it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.26,0:01:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, single case, and this is where I don't like the way this is named—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.74,0:01:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's misleading—it implies that you're following one person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.99,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really never the case with a single-case design.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why we do call it a single-case design is because
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.33,0:01:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're usually analyzing data on an individual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.19,0:01:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty much all the analyses that we've been doing so far have been on group levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.18,0:01:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comparing group averages, seeing if there's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.53,0:01:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a correlation between two variables on average.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.60,0:01:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference with a single-case design is you're
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.30,0:01:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measuring change in individuals over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.62,0:01:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You often hear things like two out of three people benefited from this therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.44,0:01:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's a quasi-experimental single-case statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.02,0:01:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're measuring things on an individual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.32,0:01:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not saying, on average, people got 30% better,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.02,0:02:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're saying two out of three people got better.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.61,0:02:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to talk about one of the most common types of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.10,0:02:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single-case designs which involves some type of pre-post measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.74,0:02:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually, you're measuring the DV at a baseline.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.83,0:02:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll go and put this up at a baseline period.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.86,0:02:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call that baseline because it's before manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.53,0:02:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just the regular level.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.04,0:02:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then after the manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.92,0:02:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually what we call a treatment period,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.60,0:02:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some type of treatment or effect has been undertaken.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.94,0:02:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A real classic one,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.82,0:02:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that's received a lot of interest lately as
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.65,0:02:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a possible treatment for depression is called deep brain stimulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is like having a pacemaker attached to your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.35,0:02:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a real way, it really is like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.33,0:02:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a pacemaker battery-like device implanted behind your collarbone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.36,0:02:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then electrodes go into very deep centers of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.63,0:02:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in the limbic system where depression is thought to originate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.84,0:02:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These deep brain stimulations actually shut down
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.04,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or calm down areas of the brain that might be involved with depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.50,0:03:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005, this was a very experimental manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.50,0:03:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This had previously only been done with lab rats and some types of monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.90,0:03:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they did, they wanted to test it on sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.22,0:03:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,severely depressed patients, which is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.42,0:03:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we often do with new medications or treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.02,0:03:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We pick those people who,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.71,0:03:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for lack of a better term, have nothing to lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.04,0:03:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're at the bottom of the barrel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.25,0:03:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, they could use any type of possible treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.05,0:03:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, beforehand, they took measures of the depression as using
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.56,0:03:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,themselves as a comparison group to see if
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.46,0:03:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get better over time with this new type of treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.86,0:03:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, of course, they undergo the surgery necessary to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.26,0:03:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implant this deep brain stimulation device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.82,0:03:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we're looking at individual changes in depression, not group-level changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.76,0:03:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's part of the single-case design.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.40,0:03:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With some of the individuals, they found that it really
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.68,0:03:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made not much of a difference or no significant difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.84,0:03:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they only went down a depression score,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.10,0:04:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe from eight to seven on a one to ten depression score,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.40,0:04:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas other people showed really dramatic decreases in depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.02,0:04:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases alleviating depression all the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.78,0:04:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we're looking at this in an individual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.68,0:04:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each line represents a different person.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.10,0:04:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, the data looks something like this with
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.87,0:04:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically two people showing negligible benefits or non-significant benefits,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.59,0:04:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thankfully not getting any worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.11,0:04:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but no real change and four of the six showing good benefits and in some cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.79,0:04:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even complete alleviation from depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.83,0:04:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, of course, what you'd want to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.86,0:04:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, that's looking at an individual basis here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.38,0:04:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a quasi-experiment because there was no control group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.56,0:04:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A true control group in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.20,0:04:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would be unethical which is just why it wasn't done,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.99,0:04:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be to have people undergo surgery to implant this device, which is, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.70,0:04:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very risky, and then basically to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.06,0:04:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think the device is on but to never actually turn it on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.50,0:04:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, that's just too much to ask for a control group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.01,0:05:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, depression is a very detrimental thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.32,0:05:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are people who are severely depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.16,0:05:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it would be unethical to withhold treatment from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.40,0:05:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then without this control group,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.56,0:05:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's lots of confounds that may have
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.36,0:05:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alleviated depression for these four out of the six individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.63,0:05:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest one being a placebo effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.30,0:05:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots and lots of studies show that when people think they're being treated,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.46,0:05:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oftentimes, their symptoms will be lessened.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.38,0:05:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be anything from an actual treatment to just a sugar pill or a placebo pill.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.51,0:05:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even with no treatment whatsoever,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.44,0:05:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the thought of being treated can oftentimes help people that mind over matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.72,0:05:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially with mental illness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.48,0:05:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone thinks they're being treated, they might think, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.84,0:05:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I'm less depressed than I was before,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.08,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're just thinking more optimistically.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another confound, and this is especially prevalent with research on the mentally
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.09,0:05:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ill is that lots of people with
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.81,0:05:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mental illness actually get over their mental illness on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.93,0:05:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is something that we therapists don't talk about a lot because, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.11,0:06:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we like to tout that therapy and medication are really good things, which they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.53,0:06:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do help people oftentimes get over mental illness sooner than they would otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.09,0:06:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But typically, about 60% of people with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.23,0:06:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mental illness do get over it completely on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.03,0:06:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This includes anything from depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.17,0:06:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually not severe things like schizophrenia or bipolar,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.83,0:06:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but depression, lots of mood disorders included.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.34,0:06:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is unlikely in this group,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.38,0:06:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though, especially at a 60% level,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.68,0:06:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they selected people with severe and prolonged depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.11,0:06:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who have had it for years, were previously untreatable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.81,0:06:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is unlikely that these individuals would just snap out of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.12,0:06:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it in the first initial weeks of this treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.26,0:06:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, I don't think this is such a problem in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.72,0:06:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this study because these were very severe patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.02,0:06:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes just getting a baseline measure of mental illness
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.92,0:06:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help people motivate themselves to make changes in their life to get better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.85,0:06:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially for people with maybe mild to moderate depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.60,0:07:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking a depression inventory where they're listing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.94,0:07:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the things that's been wrong with them so obviously,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.94,0:07:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depressed mood, maybe insomnia,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.76,0:07:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not eating enough, isolation from friends and family.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.12,0:07:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People might take that as a wake-up call and go,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.63,0:07:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wow, I really need to eat more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.30,0:07:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I need to rest more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.84,0:07:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I need to contact my friends and family and actually
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.20,0:07:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help them to snap themselves out of that depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.04,0:07:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, I don't think this is a problem here because these were,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.96,0:07:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, very severely depressed patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.99,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably is a case that this wouldn't play that big of a role.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.25,0:07:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one way to deal with these confounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.70,0:07:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to do what's called a reversal design.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.02,0:07:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's basically if you see an effect, which they did here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.60,0:07:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four out of six patients showed positive results,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.20,0:07:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically alleviations in their depression scores,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.82,0:07:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you might want to,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.38,0:07:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in essence, take away the manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.50,0:07:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take away the treatment, and see if they return back to their baseline scores,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.62,0:07:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see if those four out of six return back to depressed scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.82,0:08:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is called an ABA design.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.100,0:08:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, A really just means what's happening before their baseline and B,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.79,0:08:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happens after their treatment condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.96,0:08:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ABA, going from baseline to treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.71,0:08:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then hopefully back to baseline once you remove the treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.40,0:08:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did this with one of the individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.56,0:08:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not this is ethical,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.59,0:08:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a gray area,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.81,0:08:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at this point, this is one of the only ways to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.61,0:08:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really rule out things like placebo effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.44,0:08:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With one of the individuals who was showing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.67,0:08:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very positive result from the deep brain stimulation, they basically,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.09,0:08:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these people got a week-by-week checkup,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.55,0:08:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they fine-tuned the pacemaker inside them and all that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.67,0:08:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this individual, they basically turned it off without telling him.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.84,0:08:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Low and behold, within a couple of weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.13,0:08:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the patient returned back to baseline.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.16,0:08:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a good indication
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.47,0:08:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is the actual treatment that's doing it and not just a placebo effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.05,0:08:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for all this person knows,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.23,0:08:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're still receiving treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.60,0:08:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it rules out things like placebo effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.51,0:09:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also things like just self-recovery from depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.70,0:09:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this is maybe unethical,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.54,0:09:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now you're withholding treatment for someone who really benefits from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.73,0:09:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What most often they do with these types of designs is not just an ABA design,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.75,0:09:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an ABAB design.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.47,0:09:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they find that a person does return back to baseline,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.19,0:09:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they again instill the treatment as soon as they start showing symptoms back to baseline.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.52,0:09:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, so that this individual doesn't
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.85,0:09:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to suffer for any prolonged amount of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.60,0:09:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, again, they did this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.75,0:09:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They restarted the deep brain stimulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.70,0:09:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, without this person's knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.22,0:09:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within even a shorter period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.60,0:09:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few days, he returned back to his treatment levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.42,0:09:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is even better for the whole anti-placebo argument because,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.69,0:09:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, this is without his knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.88,0:09:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's being turned on and off.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.84,0:09:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a replication of the effect multiple times in the same individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.23,0:10:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really good indication that it really is the deep brain stimulation and not something
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.06,0:10:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,else just random changes in the person
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.46,0:10:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time or placebo effect causing this difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.17,0:10:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[NOISE] Just some characteristics of the single-case design and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.71,0:10:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good way to differentiate it from regular types of experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.72,0:10:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.27,0:10:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it examines people individually as opposed to a group,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.83,0:10:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's not going to talk about things like group averages.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.11,0:10:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be saying more like four out of six people, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.71,0:10:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, did show significant improvement in their depression scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.92,0:10:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them do employ this reversal of design so
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.02,0:10:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either an ABA or an ABAB design.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.28,0:10:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, what makes it a quasi-experiment is,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.37,0:10:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, in this case, very clearly,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.79,0:10:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no control group.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.31,0:10:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without a control group, you necessarily can't have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.05,0:10:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experimental control or randomization because those require multiple groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.97,0:10:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even with multiple groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.71,0:10:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually with a quasi-experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.15,0:10:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have any type of true control over
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.45,0:11:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what patients are experiencing other than the independent variable or the treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.59,0:11:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no random assignment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.30,0:11:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because usually, you're dealing with person factors like depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.12,0:11:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most often these things are used to test the effectiveness of treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.97,0:11:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very common in therapeutic designs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.93,0:11:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially involved with medications.