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&gt;&gt; Living in harmony with[br]your evolutionary past Part 1.

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This is an asynchronous presentation.

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As we all know, we are part of parcel of nature.

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And it always reminds me when[br]we look at our genetics and DNA.

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Remember, genetically, we're -- And even to[br]bananas, we are 60% genetically similar to a cow

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about 80%, to a mouse 85, to a cat 90,[br]to a chimpanzee 96% genetically similar.

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And all modern humans are[br]99.9% genetically similar.

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So in a way, we are almost controlled in a[br]way or modulated by our evolutionary past.

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And no -- And any variation of that[br]may make life more challenging.

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But anyway, it sometimes then helps to ask[br]the question, on reflection, how did we evolve

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and how did we live for those[br]thousands of generations?

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Go back 50,000 years ago, how did we live?

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We were hunting, gatherers.

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We ate all variety of foods.

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We lived in small clans.

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Yes, people died in childbirth,[br]people died in accidents,

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but some lived till the age 90 just as much.

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There may have been a deduction in some[br]of the illnesses we now so commonly have,

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such as our inflammatory illnesses, you know.

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And what kind of foods did people[br]eat by which they allowed themselves

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to survive, by which we survived?

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How did we move?

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How do we take rest?

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What constitute our social systems[br]which is probably a small claim.

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All those factors still are[br]seen in our behavior today.

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We still react.

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We still live and optimally when we accept and[br]live in harmony with our evolutionary past.

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So this presentation will focus more on this.

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And part of it is that I look around and[br]I'm also shocked of how many young children

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and adults have now autoimmune illnesses, have[br]cognitive disorders such as ADHD or, you know,

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or how many have other illnesses is listed here.

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And how come many of these -- Those[br]diseases were mainly absent in rural Africa

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and much more common in the[br]industrialized first world.

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And we see this kind of epidemic of[br]autoimmune illnesses, of allergies increasing

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and increasing all around the world.

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And then how come one third of[br]American children are now prediabetic,

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which is really a horrible[br]prediction for the future?

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How come there's such an[br]increase in nearsightedness?

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How come cancer, Alzheimer's disease, appears[br]to be occurring earlier than ever before?

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And how come these diseases are occurring[br]more frequently and were almost absent

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in your grandparents' generation or[br]in our non-industrialized people?

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These are the interesting questions to me[br]because they ask not just what can we do

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to treat these disorders, what[br]can we do to treat allergies.

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And it's remarkable that we can do some of that.

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But what is it that we need to do to[br]potentially prevent it and optimize our health?

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So that is really the sense[br]of trying to understand,

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living in harmony of our evolutionary past.

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And statistically, as you can see very well[br]on this slide, that many of the illnesses

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which are infectious disease is either by[br]viruses or by bacteria have now been reduced.

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Look at hepatitis A going down.

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TB has been going down, mumps and measles.

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I know that looks like it's[br]only due to vaccinations,

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but many of these were already going[br]down before vaccinations ever occurred.

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And look how we have this epidemic, in a[br]way, of these more autoimmune-like illnesses.

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You know, whether it's Crohn's disease,[br]that's a gastrointestinal disorder,

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or type 1 diabetes, asthma, multiple sclerosis.

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You know, it's really -- It's shocking when you[br]think of that, you know, of this radical change.

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You can also see that it's so interesting.

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It says mainly those diseases,

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those inflammatory diseases are[br]those from the Western hemisphere.

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If you look at the graph underneath and[br]look at Western Europe and the Canada

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and the United States, and you see[br]it's almost totally absent in --

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or much less in the other parts of the world.

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You know, and then -- You can[br]look at a rate of the increase

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in autism from very low to now very high.

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It's true that some of this is more[br]powerful diagnostic ways of doing it.

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We may recognize it when in the past[br]it was not recognized as a disorder,

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but it also looks like a real phenomenon.

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OK? And then you look at many of[br]the allergies we have, you know,

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just think, -- I keep thinking of that.

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You know, I used to remember flying, and when I[br]flew people would be serving peanuts and nuts.

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And the concept of having peanut allergy[br]just wasn't part of my awareness.

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And if you ask your grandparents, when they go[br]back and think of their childhood and they were

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in school, how many of them[br]knew people who had allergies?

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And many will say, maybe only one in 40.

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Now our students, one third of us will[br]say, gosh, I have some reactivity allergic.

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And it may because we have been[br]changing our world so much,

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we are now living away from[br]our evolutionary past.

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You know, look at it, for[br]example, about hay fever.

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Hay fever was first described[br]in 1819 by John Bostock.

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And, you know -- And it occurred really among[br]people of higher class and living in cities.

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Part of it is that if you were a[br]farm child or living in the farms,

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you would be continually exposed to[br]these, the materials from the hay,

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and therefore you would not[br]develop this allergy.

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And similar phenomena seems to be has occurred[br]for irritable bowel disease and Crohn's disease.

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That was first described in[br]1932 by Burrill Crohn, you know,

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in which he described this necrotizing[br]inflammation scarring of the intestines.

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However, this disease clearly is associated[br]with social class and wealth and the more --

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And being more and more removed[br]from any part of nature.

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It used to be one little per 10,000.

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Now it's even one per 200.

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It's just shocking to think about it.

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And then why is it that these[br]have all increased?

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I am not saying I know the answers at[br]all, but I'm looking at possible causes.

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I don't think we can say it's genetics.

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I think genetics, in many[br]cases, you look at that

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and we can find a genetic,[br]you know, link that is clear.

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But in most cases, genetics, you know,[br]only provides the possibility, you know,

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and it's the environment that it[br]pulls the trigger to expose it.

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So you may have a genetic[br]predisposition to gain weight

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and thereby potentially get[br]more type 2 diabetes.

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But if you don't eat the foods that[br]do this, you most likely won't get it.

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OK? So look at it over the last 30 years,[br]we have now increased in allergies.

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Now, how come all this may occur?

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Well, there are many factors.

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I'm only listing a few.

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I'm sure many of you can add many more.

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And they are all probably correct.

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It is very difficult to identify that[br]because if you do animal studies, you know,

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we're not totally the same as animals.

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We sometimes can't eat the same foods.

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And so, it is not totally the same.

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There are hidden at least.

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Well, let's just list a few.

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One, it's during pregnancy, the fetus experience[br]either a kind of alcohol malnutrition,

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but it's affluent malnutrition[br]in the Western world.

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But it really means probably inappropriate[br]amount of essential nutrients or an exposure

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to endocrine dysregulating chemicals.

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These are all the plastics.

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The -- These are all the pesticides, herbicides,[br]and the many things we ingest without knowing

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which in fact act as endocrine there's,[br]you know, systems dysregulation.

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Then because of finance, in many cases[br]socioeconomic inequality during the first year

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of life, we don't allow babies to[br]breastfeed and bond and possibly

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to concurrent malnutrition by giving formula.

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And by giving formula, you also[br]miss the transmission of immune --

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appropriate immune cells which you[br]have gotten from the breast milk.

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And then during early childhood and life, we get[br]exposed to endocrine dysregulating substances,

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the plastics, which you're all exposed to[br]often act as estrogens, the pesticides,

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the herbicides, they all may[br]affect our immune system.

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You know, then we have this[br]massive exposure to antibiotics.

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Antibiotics are great.

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I mean, gosh, if you have a bacterial[br]infection, you're going to die.

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Please get the appropriate antibiotic.

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However, in so many cases[br]it's used inappropriately.

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And what antibiotics do to you is they basically[br]remove or kill whole groups of bacteria

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which are essential for our health.

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So in fact, we have an impoverished human biome.

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And then we have excessive hygiene by[br]which in many ways we are no longer exposed

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to some viruses or bacteria which[br]in the past would have immunized us.

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And we see this now coming[br]up in the post-pandemic

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that many people have been[br]separated from each other.

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And now when we meet again, all of a[br]sudden, we have an increase in flus.

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There's nothing new to this.

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This has been observed before in[br]the expeditions to the Antarctica.

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When people in the Antarctica would go a[br]scientist, they would then be living there.

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And then the Antarctica winter would occur[br]they would no new people meeting them.

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And first upon -- When they first got together,[br]there were a number of flus and illnesses.

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Now they were all exposed,[br]no new bacteria came in.

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And for the next six months or however[br]much time it is, none of them got sick.

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People did get sick of other diseases, but not[br]of bacterial or viral infections, basically.

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And then the first visitor came and all

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of a sudden people would get[br]their colds or flus again.

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So by not being exposed, we[br]put ourselves more at risk.

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And that our lifestyle in a[br]way has really shifted so much.

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You know, we're so much -- We sit so[br]much, we have so much lack of movement.

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We have lights that interfere[br]in fact with our health.

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Light at night, for example,[br]maybe -- may affect, not only may,

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does affect our diurnal rhythms,[br]our daily rhythms, because light,

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especially blue component of[br]light, tends to suppress melatonin.

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And it's one of the factors people have[br]hypothesized is why young girls are developing

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earlier menarche immediately.

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The first menstruation occurred[br]because they have lights on at night

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which disturbs their biological rhythms[br]as well as increased weight and fat.

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There are many other factors.

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OK? But overall, you could[br]argue that a number of this kind

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of newer illnesses are the[br]result of our lifestyle.

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Namely, we have disrespected our evolutionary[br]origins without realizing that we are part

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of this intrinsic web that[br]includes diet, movement, parasites,

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biological rhythms, bacteria,[br]you name it, viruses.

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They're all part of us.

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And in many cases, some are -- Or in[br]many cases dysfunction can be reversed

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or maybe even prevented by respecting and[br]returning to our evolutionary origins.

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The data is overwhelming.

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You have people, for example, who get up[br]and do significant amount of movement tend

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to have less cardiovascular disease.

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Notice that's a dysfunction[br]which can be reversed.

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Eating less sugar and simple carbohydrates,[br]which is not part of our evolutionary past,

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would mean that they would not develop[br]type 2 diabetes or much less likely.

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So in a way, it goes right back to[br]the simple rules of health, but --

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Which we described earlier by Nassim Taleb.

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Anything that was not part of our[br]evolutionary past is probably harmful.

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I want to underline again,[br]anything that was novel and not part

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of our evolutionary past is probably harmful.

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And probably we don't need evidence[br]of harm to claim that a drug

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or any unnatural procedure is dangerous,[br]even if that harm does not yet exist.

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Therefore, the easiest way to[br]optimize health is to remove the,

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what he would call via negativity,[br]remove the unnatural, the unfamiliar.

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You know, just think of reducing lung cancer

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which is what people have demonstrated[br]very clearly by stopping smoking

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which is the function and the[br]irritation of the airways.

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All of a sudden, lung cancer is decreased and[br]a number of other illnesses are increased.

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Although right now we are seeing an[br]increased epidemic of the use of e-cigarettes,

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which will again lead to a future epidemic.

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OK. Remember, from an evolutionary[br]perspective, let me outline.

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Genes survive and prosper if their[br]reproductive fitness increases.

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And the changes in our external environment[br]continually impacts the natural selection

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of genes named our reproductive fitness.

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Novel and increased inputs[br]reduces our reproductive fitness.

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And you could say act as an allostatic load.

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And nature and natural selection[br]favors those mutations, those genes,

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those behaviors that enhance the[br]reproductive fitness with these novel stimuli.

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Therefore, by -- Thereby you[br]lose the allostatic load.

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And you keep in mind that is[br]especially true for younger people

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and people, you know, in their 20s and 30s.

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But once you have given birth or an older adult,[br]remember, you're not going to reproduce anymore.

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So then those illnesses have much -- are much[br]less affected by this evolutionary perspective.

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So I would not expect that[br]Alzheimer's is impacted by this

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because there's no natural selection.

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We have already reproduced.

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OK? But remember to underline[br]this again, natural selections.

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Individuals best adapted to their surroundings[br]enjoy increased reproductive success.

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They pass on the traits adaptive or[br]sometimes even maladaptive or neutral

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to their descendants, who gradually constitute[br]a greater proportion of the population.

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Remember, we carry this imprint[br]of our biological heritage in us.

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So, it's useful to say how and what were we[br]doing earlier on that allowed us to be us now.

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And now I want to underline this even[br]more, but this is very important.

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Let's have that selection.

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We are wired for whatever[br]habitat we are involved in.

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Biologists who study animals in the wild[br]describe this as habitat selection theory.

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And the general rule is that animals who[br]are in their natural habitat do much better.

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They thrive both physically and psychologically[br]and social behavior compared to animals

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that are placed in unnatural[br]habitat such as a zoo.

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They most likely evolved in the forest of[br]Africa without the presence of digital displays.

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And so, by just sitting in front[br]of digital displays the whole time,

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or just sitting the whole time, we[br]probably are reducing our health.

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And people have called sitting the, you know,[br]our -- The new epidemic of smoking, basically.

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And what I've said many times before is that[br]genetics only loads the gun, but our behavior

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and environment pulls the trigger.

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And I like that phrase a lot.

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So let me look at it give an example how our[br]environment may cause us to develop illness.

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This is called -- The concept is[br]evolutionary or ecological traps.

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Evolutionary/ecological traps occur

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when formerly adaptive habitat preference[br]become maladaptive, meaning they become harmful.

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Because the cues they individually[br]preferentially use

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in selecting habitat may now lead to[br]lower fitness than other alternatives.

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It means that whatever adaptive[br]habits of preference we evolve for,

0:16:27.566,0:16:31.406
and now we allow that to happen[br]too much, it may lead to illness.

0:16:31.406,0:16:34.226
But let me give a remarkable example of this.

0:16:34.226,0:16:38.086
This is with the birds in the[br]Pacific called the albatross.

0:16:38.086,0:16:41.456
And when you go to Midway[br]Island, it's just shocking.

0:16:41.456,0:16:45.926
In Midway -- On Midway Island, you see[br]these many carcasses of these birds.

0:16:45.926,0:16:50.496
You can see the skeletons, you can see[br]the feathers, and you see what was left

0:16:50.496,0:16:52.716
over in a gastrointestinal tract.

0:16:52.716,0:16:55.446
Look at all the pieces of plastic, how was that?

0:16:55.746,0:16:58.226
How come? And so many are dying.

0:16:58.776,0:17:03.536
Well, think of the albatross[br]going over the ocean from Midway.

0:17:03.536,0:17:08.686
There -- That's an island which is[br]2,000 miles away from any other islands.

0:17:08.786,0:17:11.816
And the bird lives, you know -- Eats the fish.

0:17:11.816,0:17:14.586
So it goes -- It is flying over the ocean.

0:17:14.586,0:17:16.716
It sees some shimmering in the water.

0:17:16.716,0:17:18.366
It looks like a fish.

0:17:18.366,0:17:22.126
And those birds for evolution,[br]who, you know, who have adopted

0:17:22.126,0:17:27.506
and could identify this the quickest and the[br]most, they would then dive, they would eat it,

0:17:27.506,0:17:32.216
swallow it, and then possibly[br]regurgitate it to their chicks.

0:17:32.216,0:17:38.686
Now, however, that same shimmering in the[br]water now is our small piece of plastic

0:17:38.686,0:17:40.886
which are coated also by the algae.

0:17:40.886,0:17:43.586
So it has some of the similar[br]outer taste initially.

0:17:43.756,0:17:50.886
So now what happens is the birds now[br]take this plastic and swallow it as food.

0:17:50.886,0:17:56.736
Now, do we say these birds are stupid or are[br]we at fault that we have created this world

0:17:56.736,0:18:00.226
where these birds, we made such a radical shift?

0:18:00.226,0:18:04.096
So, these birds were evolved to[br]be able to see that shimmering,

0:18:04.306,0:18:09.036
they would then go at it and now they would die.

0:18:09.036,0:18:13.456
And that is a very, you know[br]-- It looks really challenging.

0:18:13.616,0:18:20.896
And as Professor E.O. Wilson stated, organisms[br]when housed in unfit habitats undergo social,

0:18:20.896,0:18:23.476
psychological, and physiological breakdown.

0:18:23.476,0:18:27.536
Here then you see that the[br]habitat radically changed.

0:18:27.536,0:18:34.676
The animal cell is wired to find[br]that shimmering object as food.

0:18:35.946,0:18:37.406
But now it's no longer food.

0:18:38.926,0:18:41.496
I want to keep this down because are we --

0:18:41.496,0:18:46.166
What other evolutionary or environmental[br]traps are there for people today?

0:18:46.166,0:18:50.286
You know, just if you took out a piece[br]of paper, think of things that may --

0:18:50.476,0:18:58.106
you may be doing which you automatically do,[br]but basically are triggered by the environment

0:18:58.106,0:19:00.776
because you have evolved for that to respond?

0:19:02.086,0:19:03.466
Pause. I'll pause.

0:19:03.466,0:19:04.346
I won't pause.

0:19:04.346,0:19:07.046
Pause the computer for write[br]them down and let's check it out.

0:19:07.046,0:19:07.926
Let me just think a few.

0:19:08.046,0:19:11.286
One, we react to cues of food automatically.

0:19:11.286,0:19:12.956
We see food, we may become hungry.

0:19:12.956,0:19:15.036
We smell it, we become hungry.

0:19:15.036,0:19:16.366
We, you know -- automatically.

0:19:16.426,0:19:17.166
Well, why?

0:19:17.166,0:19:19.336
Because we need food for survival.

0:19:20.456,0:19:26.256
You know, for millions of years probably,[br]you know, food was only challenging.

0:19:26.256,0:19:27.776
We always had to hunt for food.

0:19:28.516,0:19:33.006
Therefore, we have really no[br]mechanisms easily to stop eating.

0:19:33.006,0:19:35.766
And this is especially true for sugars.

0:19:35.766,0:19:40.486
Almost all foods that are sweet[br]are usually not poisonous.

0:19:40.796,0:19:46.146
Yes, I knew that -- know that the[br]paint, you know, lead paint is sweet

0:19:46.146,0:19:48.926
when you chew it, the pieca it is called.

0:19:48.926,0:19:50.736
However, that's not the rare things.

0:19:50.736,0:19:56.566
Most other things in nature that[br]are sweet are -- represent calories.

0:19:56.566,0:20:00.256
Therefore, we want to eat them because[br]we need the calories for survival.

0:20:00.396,0:20:01.976
And we don't have an off switch easily.

0:20:02.076,0:20:05.626
The same thing will be true for fats.

0:20:05.626,0:20:11.846
So we -- When the cue of food is shown to[br]us, we react to eat or want to eat or hunger.

0:20:11.846,0:20:13.626
And I'll show that in a moment.

0:20:14.326,0:20:20.216
OK? And the similar part is I think for[br]reproduction, you know, we, you know --

0:20:20.216,0:20:22.786
That's probably the drive[br]by pornography is such --

0:20:22.786,0:20:26.916
is probably the biggest bandwidth on[br]the Internet because there are cues

0:20:26.986,0:20:31.926
which said survival that leads to --[br]maybe because we want for reproduction.

0:20:32.016,0:20:35.686
And then we have all the cues[br]around us for protection.

0:20:35.686,0:20:39.676
We remember are -- we're historically prey.

0:20:40.256,0:20:42.646
There were other animals that saw us for food.

0:20:42.646,0:20:44.176
So we always had to be very careful.

0:20:44.246,0:20:46.296
We had to look around and be vigilant.

0:20:46.296,0:20:47.976
We still all are.

0:20:49.036,0:20:54.696
And now however all those cues which of[br]sounds, of changing objects around cause us

0:20:54.696,0:20:59.426
to react all the time and where[br]-- which captures our attention.

0:21:00.056,0:21:03.026
You know, no wonder we tend to[br]get addicted to computer games.

0:21:03.026,0:21:05.966
Once we sit and we watch one next, you know --

0:21:05.966,0:21:10.026
We start to watch a Netflix series[br]automatically we keep sitting there,

0:21:10.026,0:21:15.906
and then the next sequence pops up and we[br]don't change because we're captured by it.

0:21:15.906,0:21:19.916
And then for survival in small groups, for --

0:21:20.096,0:21:23.836
In clans, we need to know[br]who the power structure was.

0:21:23.836,0:21:28.186
Because as we, you know, mature, we[br]want to be part of the power structure.

0:21:28.186,0:21:29.176
We don't really exclude.

0:21:29.176,0:21:30.406
We need to know what's going on.

0:21:30.406,0:21:34.116
So in some sense, you could say[br]that's our social media addiction.

0:21:34.596,0:21:38.156
You know, it's basic and[br]it's triggered that way.

0:21:38.156,0:21:41.166
And then our bodies really want to rest.

0:21:41.266,0:21:45.446
Why expend energy when there's not[br]enough energy you have or calories?

0:21:45.446,0:21:47.556
So anytime you could rest, you would do it.

0:21:47.836,0:21:51.306
So that quickly leads to excess[br]sitting and lack of movement.

0:21:51.306,0:21:55.226
In the past, we didn't have to go to[br]the gym, we didn't have to go jogging.

0:21:55.476,0:21:58.406
Our whole world included that physicalness.

0:21:58.576,0:22:01.566
And so now, however, it doesn't.

0:22:01.566,0:22:03.566
And then there are many other things that occur.

0:22:03.566,0:22:06.046
Light, we want to be active,[br]we want to be involved.

0:22:06.046,0:22:12.466
However, light, artificial light which keeps us[br]awake, keeps us active, also reduces our rest,

0:22:12.466,0:22:17.076
interferes with melatonin, affects[br]our circadian rhythms, et cetera.

0:22:17.826,0:22:25.386
And then the final pieces, from my[br]perspective, the brain cannot, I would say,

0:22:25.386,0:22:30.596
discriminate between actual[br]and visual auditory images.

0:22:30.896,0:22:39.106
So when we watch a film in front of[br]us for our brain this is really real.

0:22:39.706,0:22:45.746
I know you, we all would say, yes, I know it's[br]a -- It is a drama, it's a play, it isn't real.

0:22:45.746,0:22:53.556
And yet for our body, this is the first[br]time in our evolutionary past, well, really,

0:22:53.556,0:22:58.576
since cameras were, you know -- since[br]you could do film in late 19th century,

0:22:58.756,0:23:06.546
then we could have a picture which was not real[br]in the past, everything we saw was always real.

0:23:06.546,0:23:07.866
We could touch.

0:23:07.866,0:23:14.726
And so, when things go into our eyes, our[br]brains say, that's real, and we react this way.

0:23:14.726,0:23:20.916
And even though we may want to argue[br]that, I think most of you, if not all,

0:23:20.916,0:23:28.146
have had the experience that if you[br]watch a horror movie or horrible scenes

0:23:28.146,0:23:32.166
where the horrible things happened[br]in a series and then you go outside,

0:23:32.166,0:23:36.836
all of a sudden that little noise behind[br]you triggers a massive autonomic response.

0:23:36.836,0:23:38.526
In the past, that would not have done that.

0:23:39.316,0:23:44.466
Because we are -- Our bodies saw what[br]we saw on the film react as real.

0:23:44.466,0:23:49.846
And I think we have really underestimated[br]that how powerful that phenomenon is.

0:23:49.846,0:23:53.526
And part of the reason we[br]have these economic we are --

0:23:54.216,0:24:04.646
We react all the time is because our commercial[br]industry uses these cues which are really traps

0:24:04.646,0:24:07.746
for us to capture our eyeballs[br]and that's the whole basis

0:24:07.746,0:24:10.646
of our social media, of all[br]the many of the Internet.

0:24:10.646,0:24:13.256
It's really people don't[br]get paid for the content.

0:24:13.256,0:24:17.116
They get paid for our attention,[br]hijacking our attention.

0:24:17.116,0:24:24.936
And equally for many industries, it is the[br]profit margin that doesn't ask, is it healthy?

0:24:24.936,0:24:28.256
It just asks can be, can[br]you, will you buy the object?

0:24:28.256,0:24:34.156
Just think of the, all the cereals with high[br]laden with sugar, all the candies in front

0:24:34.826,0:24:42.106
of the counters, you know, and do we then[br]blame children that they have no control?

0:24:42.106,0:24:48.906
So in a child who is wired from an evolutionary[br]perspective for survival to eat more calories,

0:24:48.906,0:24:52.866
when it sees the sweets, it wants those.

0:24:55.136,0:24:56.466
Do we blame the child?

0:24:57.796,0:25:01.936
Or should we blaming the corporate[br]culture, the world around us?

0:25:02.046,0:25:07.746
And maybe we really need to be careful with[br]this and say, oops, you may need to define that

0:25:07.746,0:25:11.436
and we may need to set, you[br]know, social constraints

0:25:11.436,0:25:15.356
that we don't trigger these[br]dysfunctional behaviors.

0:25:15.356,0:25:20.646
And remember, even watching pictures of food[br]and smelling it will activate your brain.

0:25:20.646,0:25:24.026
You know, it is most interesting.

0:25:24.026,0:25:25.646
I think I have a slide in that later.

0:25:25.646,0:25:33.396
OK? So the solutions really are that the[br]society may need to protect its own population

0:25:33.396,0:25:39.006
from the commercial exploitation of[br]these evolutionary ecological traps.

0:25:39.006,0:25:41.476
Now this is a great difficult[br]discussion because we think

0:25:41.476,0:25:44.186
of the freedom of speech in a very broad sense.

0:25:44.566,0:25:46.606
But yes, I think it is a critical issue.

0:25:46.606,0:25:54.886
We cannot depend upon self-regulation[br]to reduce our sugar content in our Coke,

0:25:54.886,0:25:58.126
in our foods around us or anything else.

0:25:58.226,0:26:01.386
And you can already see the[br]effect in human physiology

0:26:02.566,0:26:06.486
by having been exposed to[br]these environmental traps.

0:26:06.486,0:26:11.846
If you look at the brainwave activity,[br]the quantitative electroencephalography,

0:26:11.846,0:26:18.046
the brain activity, the brains of[br]normal students today look more

0:26:18.046,0:26:23.076
like an ADHD student than 20 years ago.

0:26:23.076,0:26:28.816
If you look at the spine of young people[br]today, as colleagues of mine in Canada observed

0:26:28.816,0:26:33.676
in the athletics department that compared[br]to 20 years ago, the spine just --

0:26:33.676,0:26:36.866
The upper spine, these people[br]are slightly more curved forward

0:26:37.026,0:26:41.666
because our whole world is looking down at[br]our cell phone or looking at our screens.

0:26:41.666,0:26:46.886
The pandemic only, you know, accelerated[br]this trend that was already going on.

0:26:47.866,0:26:52.866
And then there's so many other qualities,[br]things that we have, increase of pesticides,

0:26:52.866,0:26:58.526
of plastics, of BPA, all of that[br]which may lead to pathology.

0:26:58.756,0:27:01.976
So we may need to control our -- By the --

0:27:01.976,0:27:07.656
With our legal system, be[br]exposure to protect ourselves.

0:27:07.656,0:27:08.706
It's a challenge.

0:27:08.706,0:27:12.866
OK? But just for fun, let me go[br]back for a moment what I said

0:27:12.866,0:27:15.686
about what you see and smell affects your body.

0:27:15.966,0:27:20.436
The brain and visual system, remember, are[br]intimately linked to the acquisition of food.

0:27:20.436,0:27:22.216
It is necessary for survival.

0:27:23.216,0:27:27.836
And when we get an image of[br]food and the smell of food,

0:27:27.836,0:27:30.976
our physiological neurological changes respond.

0:27:31.286,0:27:35.256
And it may even be a danger[br]in our growing exposure.

0:27:35.256,0:27:41.436
These beautiful presented images of foods, which[br]we do each time I go to Facebook or Instagram

0:27:41.436,0:27:46.926
or TikTok and I make a short video on[br]TikTok about the delicious food I'm eating,

0:27:47.146,0:27:50.756
or I take a picture and post it on[br]Facebook or Instagram on the food.

0:27:52.146,0:27:55.006
What happens is it will induce[br]this in the person.

0:27:55.006,0:27:58.116
Here, I take the picture and[br]then I can look at the brain,

0:27:58.116,0:28:00.546
what happens to the person does this is work.

0:28:01.946,0:28:06.896
And you can see by weighing it all, and you[br]can see that if you show the food inside a,

0:28:06.896,0:28:13.636
you know, PFT [inaudible] imaging where you can[br]see how the blood flow goes through the brain,

0:28:13.636,0:28:19.636
basically, or metabolism, then you see[br]all of a sudden that there's a 24 increase

0:28:19.636,0:28:25.826
in the brain metabolism by just showing the[br]images of foods while lying in a scanner.

0:28:25.826,0:28:29.706
Now, this is a very complicated study[br]where you don't only saw the image,

0:28:29.706,0:28:32.896
they brought the smell in, they[br]put it on your tongue as well.

0:28:32.896,0:28:35.656
So it's a very -- It's -- It is a complex one.

0:28:35.656,0:28:42.016
However, imagine -- Imagination[br]and seeing it affects physiology.

0:28:43.056,0:28:48.876
And so next time you send that great meal to[br]your friend, you may be helping them to want

0:28:48.876,0:28:51.246
to eat more and increase their obesity.

0:28:51.706,0:28:55.846
So really, you know, our diet[br]and exercise do change it.

0:28:55.846,0:29:00.266
You've been sitting here for a little while now,[br]so just for a moment, once again, just get up.

0:29:00.686,0:29:01.966
Just get up and move.

0:29:02.366,0:29:04.226
I know it's so hard, but get up.

0:29:04.226,0:29:05.706
Just wiggle and move.

0:29:05.886,0:29:06.496
Just move.

0:29:06.656,0:29:08.136
I'm swinging, I'm swinging.

0:29:08.446,0:29:10.416
I reach up and then I look up.

0:29:10.416,0:29:12.576
I look up again and I look up again.

0:29:12.636,0:29:21.576
I take a big breath and then --[br]and I let my sit myself down again.

0:29:22.636,0:29:27.756
And just note again, when you[br]have done that, note two things.

0:29:28.046,0:29:34.136
One, how hard it was to get up and do it,[br]how much we want to just keep sitting.

0:29:34.136,0:29:40.056
And two, that after you did it,[br]how your energy slightly went up.

0:29:40.056,0:29:46.186
OK. So really remember, what I want to point[br]out is health is living your evolutionary roots

0:29:46.186,0:29:49.396
and whatever increases reproductive[br]fitness predominates.

0:29:49.396,0:29:53.566
And then remember our past[br]that we are wired to be preyed.

0:29:53.566,0:29:59.216
And finally, we start regenerating[br]when we feel safe.

0:29:59.216,0:30:01.976
And if you look at that more,[br]it means you may look at diet.

0:30:02.046,0:30:05.196
We'll look at that much later[br]in the semester but have a lot

0:30:05.196,0:30:08.286
of greens, tubers, nuts, organic foods.

0:30:08.636,0:30:16.206
And then we can see that the absence of some of[br]the vitamins may lead to significant illnesses.

0:30:16.206,0:30:18.126
And I'll talk about this in a moment.

0:30:18.246,0:30:23.676
The lack of Omega 3, which we now have[br]massively up because we mainly have Omega 6s

0:30:23.676,0:30:27.316
because of the massive amount of[br]corn products we eat, you know,

0:30:27.316,0:30:33.876
may inhibit embryological development,[br]increase eczema, others, the folic acid,

0:30:34.106,0:30:36.046
which is part of food -- of healthy eating a lot

0:30:36.046,0:30:38.836
of veggies may increase the[br]risk of spina bifida.

0:30:39.296,0:30:42.646
And then we have all the cases where[br]people are no longer doing breastfeeding.

0:30:42.646,0:30:44.326
I'll talk about that in a moment.

0:30:44.366,0:30:46.756
That increase the risk of[br]celiac disease and asthma.

0:30:46.756,0:30:51.126
And then we have the whole light[br]night melatonin suppression by light.

0:30:52.096,0:30:57.406
And then our relationship of[br]our body's bacteria, parasites.

0:30:57.406,0:31:01.426
And I'll talk about that in a moment[br]about Crohn's disease, et cetera.

0:31:01.426,0:31:04.906
OK, let me just see in detail[br]a little bit what happens

0:31:04.906,0:31:07.676
when you disregard your evolutionary background.

0:31:07.676,0:31:09.876
And I'll go through the following[br]fairly quickly.

0:31:10.056,0:31:15.516
Living in isolation constantly formula, versus[br]breastfeeding or breastfeeding versus formula,

0:31:15.516,0:31:20.166
eating processed foods or really[br]being having affluent malnutrition.

0:31:20.166,0:31:27.906
Feeding an animal a carnivore a herbivore[br]diet, feeding a herbivore a carnivore diet,

0:31:27.906,0:31:31.716
feeding rats milk protein casein[br]that we have never been used to,

0:31:31.716,0:31:36.926
possibly how come we can get food[br]poisoning, et cetera, et cetera.

0:31:36.926,0:31:39.246
OK. So let me first go back to isolation.

0:31:39.246,0:31:40.406
It's most interesting.

0:31:40.406,0:31:45.826
This was the study at Kaiser which I really[br]liked where they looked at the adults

0:31:45.826,0:31:50.236
without children who contract COVID[br]19 versus those who had children.

0:31:50.236,0:31:56.246
And notice that for equivalent ages,[br]this is before you're vaccinated,

0:31:57.106,0:32:03.766
that adults who had no -- who are not[br]around little children were 49% were likely

0:32:03.766,0:32:08.286
to be hospitalized and 76% more likely[br]to have intensive care unit admissions

0:32:08.286,0:32:13.106
than infected adults of similar ages and health[br]histories who had young children at home.

0:32:13.546,0:32:15.636
This really is a very impressive data.

0:32:15.636,0:32:22.456
It suggests both social isolation is harmful[br]or it really says, gosh, for all our evolution,

0:32:22.456,0:32:27.306
we lived in little clans that included[br]grandparents, great grandparents,

0:32:27.536,0:32:30.246
parents, children and even babies.

0:32:30.246,0:32:35.886
And all together and what the -- And you[br]could possibly argue is that little babies

0:32:35.886,0:32:41.396
and toddlers continually have snotty[br]noses, they have flus, and these are --

0:32:41.396,0:32:45.256
They are all by different most cases by viruses.

0:32:45.436,0:32:49.296
And by being exposed to that[br]continuously or episodically,

0:32:49.426,0:32:51.996
we're getting a kind of natural vaccination.

0:32:51.996,0:33:02.746
And that may then protect us from the COVID[br]virus because 30% of flus are coronavirus

0:33:02.746,0:33:04.756
which is in a similar family as the COVID.

0:33:05.876,0:33:06.906
So that's possibly.

0:33:06.906,0:33:12.596
And when we have looked at what happened with[br]COVID is that the greatest deaths occurred

0:33:12.596,0:33:16.376
with elderly who were in locations[br]where there were no little kids

0:33:16.376,0:33:19.516
around and had comorbidities.

0:33:19.516,0:33:22.126
OK. But, you know, let me[br]shift to different ones.

0:33:22.526,0:33:24.266
Reflect on the statement.

0:33:24.266,0:33:27.046
Think of the risk and benefits[br]of feeding a baby.

0:33:27.046,0:33:30.796
Formula is better because it allows[br]the mother to sleep and regenerate.

0:33:30.796,0:33:36.286
It involves the partner in the baby's[br]care, right, pros and cons on that.

0:33:36.286,0:33:40.006
Just stop it and think about it.

0:33:40.006,0:33:45.866
Now I'll just argue a few reasons why maybe[br]breastfeeding is normal, natural, and healthier.

0:33:45.866,0:33:50.966
And this data I'll talk about can be very[br]much criticized because you could argue

0:33:50.966,0:33:55.606
that by definition people who can[br]breastfeed may be more affluent

0:33:55.606,0:33:57.396
and different socioeconomic factors.

0:33:57.396,0:34:01.876
And when you control from those the risk[br]-- these data may slightly disappear.

0:34:02.546,0:34:08.236
OK? But there's no way I can be[br]persuaded from an evolutionary perspective

0:34:08.236,0:34:14.066
and Polyp's perspective as well that[br]a formula can better than breast milk,

0:34:14.226,0:34:18.976
unless there's some specific[br]cases of sickness or others.

0:34:19.616,0:34:25.076
OK? But basically, the data is overwhelming[br]from this perspective that children,

0:34:25.076,0:34:30.236
babies who are breastfed have a reduced[br]risk of asthma, obesity, type 2 diabetes,

0:34:30.236,0:34:33.626
ear and respiratory infections,[br]and sudden infant death syndrome.

0:34:34.266,0:34:36.556
It also -- It lowers the mother's risk

0:34:36.556,0:34:41.036
of hypertension type 2 diabetes,[br]ovarian and breast cancer.

0:34:41.036,0:34:46.256
You know, what is so sad is that this is[br]mainly the challenge of economic disparity.

0:34:46.256,0:34:53.096
And in the US, it's our public health policies[br]or public policies which basically do not allow

0:34:53.156,0:34:55.756
or give women time to breastfeed.

0:34:56.366,0:35:00.776
Namely in some European countries, you[br]can have a year off or two years off

0:35:00.776,0:35:04.956
where after you give birth you can[br]be at home and get your salary paid.

0:35:05.046,0:35:07.716
And I think we need to do that.

0:35:07.716,0:35:08.586
Basically.

0:35:08.586,0:35:12.166
in the US what we want to do is we want[br]to not have costs at the beginning,

0:35:12.166,0:35:16.606
and then we're stuck with these[br]very high costs as we get older.

0:35:16.606,0:35:20.766
I would recommend we should do the[br]cost up front and support the women

0:35:20.766,0:35:24.256
so their jobs are kept being[br]that they have equality

0:35:24.256,0:35:26.336
and they can go back to their job afterwards.

0:35:26.336,0:35:29.896
But if you look at the data,[br]the data I think is clear.

0:35:30.636,0:35:34.996
Most children, most mothers -- If[br]they can, in some cases you can't.

0:35:34.996,0:35:36.656
There's no harm in that.

0:35:36.656,0:35:37.786
You do the best one can do.

0:35:37.786,0:35:41.486
But in those cases, you can.

0:35:41.716,0:35:44.636
Most mothers want to breastfeed[br]and try to continue to.

0:35:44.856,0:35:46.716
However, it's very difficult.

0:35:46.716,0:35:49.746
If you go to work and then[br]you have to pump the breast

0:35:49.746,0:35:52.396
and do other things, the[br]system is just against it.

0:35:52.396,0:35:53.646
It's too much work.

0:35:53.646,0:35:55.906
And notice by, you know, after three months,

0:35:55.906,0:35:58.796
only half the babies were[br]exclusively breastfeeding.

0:35:58.796,0:36:04.846
And by 12 months, only one third, you[br]know, and most supplemented with formula.

0:36:04.846,0:36:07.596
The key is you don't want to[br]supplement this with formula.

0:36:07.806,0:36:10.796
At best, what you do is you[br]want to breastfeed continuously

0:36:10.796,0:36:13.636
and keep supplementing other foods enter --

0:36:13.796,0:36:19.126
other foods continually to it than you also[br]reduce a massive rate of any allergies to.

0:36:19.126,0:36:23.066
The data is clear that if[br]you do both at the same time,

0:36:23.666,0:36:26.316
then there's very low allergy rates to foods.

0:36:26.506,0:36:29.316
However, in the United States[br]this is really an issue

0:36:29.316,0:36:33.066
of economic disparity and to me it's immoral.

0:36:33.066,0:36:37.006
But the quick summaries and I'll give[br]some data on these for the mother,

0:36:37.006,0:36:41.186
it distinctly reduces the breast cancer[br]risk, reduces stress, enhance bonding.

0:36:41.186,0:36:45.066
For the baby enhanced bonding,[br]reduces allergy, reduces obesity,

0:36:45.066,0:36:46.796
probably enhances immune function.

0:36:46.796,0:36:52.676
But look for the mother in detail if you study[br]breast cancer for 10 years after pregnancy,

0:36:53.166,0:36:56.396
then you see those who had 34 more weeks

0:36:56.396,0:37:00.586
of breastfeeding had a cancer[br]risk drop by 13%, you know.

0:37:00.846,0:37:05.446
There is distinct, and this is[br]probably much higher than that if the --

0:37:05.446,0:37:07.656
One gives birth in your early 20s.

0:37:07.656,0:37:11.146
There's a consensus at early[br]first birth an increased number

0:37:11.146,0:37:15.576
of full-time births shows you a significantly[br]long term reduction of breast cancer risks.

0:37:16.426,0:37:21.596
OK? And I think this is really[br]something we don't talk about

0:37:21.756,0:37:23.906
and for the benefits for the baby as a group.

0:37:23.906,0:37:27.876
And again, like I said, the data[br]is very difficult because this is

0:37:27.876,0:37:32.036
so confusing by socioeconomic inequalities.

0:37:32.176,0:37:35.776
Babies who are breastfed have higher[br]IQs as adults than formula fed.

0:37:36.196,0:37:40.086
You know, the people born in[br]1920s and '30s who were breastfed

0:37:40.086,0:37:44.066
as babies achieved significantly upward[br]mobility when they were in the 60s

0:37:44.066,0:37:46.726
and 70s compared to formula-fed babies.

0:37:46.726,0:37:50.186
Men and women who were part[br]of this study in 1937,

0:37:50.186,0:37:53.786
'39 had a 50% reduction developing[br]celiac disease.

0:37:53.786,0:37:55.796
That seems to be very common.

0:37:55.796,0:38:00.986
So as if by being breastfed and then[br]slowly adding food to it, you don't --

0:38:00.986,0:38:04.166
You can continue to be able to eat glutens

0:38:04.166,0:38:09.926
and not develop celiac disease[br]compared to breastfed babies.

0:38:09.926,0:38:15.816
And formula-fed babies are fatter[br]as children and skinnier as adults.

0:38:15.816,0:38:20.086
I'm going to underwrite that,[br]formula babies are fatter as babies.

0:38:20.086,0:38:20.606
I'm sorry.

0:38:20.846,0:38:22.856
And as children and adults, they're skinnier.

0:38:22.856,0:38:23.696
That's an error there.

0:38:23.696,0:38:28.786
OK? But remember, the formula are[br]incomplete for the first couple of months.

0:38:28.786,0:38:33.436
It doesn't have all the appropriate fatty acids[br]which are necessary for neural development.

0:38:33.436,0:38:35.876
Although after a while the[br]brain will replace its all --

0:38:35.876,0:38:40.196
Again, our body place itself[br]so that we can all do it.

0:38:40.476,0:38:45.766
But it still means that for the first[br]four months the baby is getting basically

0:38:45.766,0:38:50.536
inappropriate products, as well as all[br]the immune cells and other things it gets

0:38:50.536,0:38:53.346
from the mother via the breast milk.

0:38:53.346,0:38:58.626
And then even when one is very conscientious[br]about pumping milk and sharing this,

0:38:58.626,0:39:03.816
and it's just great that can be done that the[br]milk is different at different times of day.

0:39:03.816,0:39:07.436
So when the mother is going to sleep,[br]the breast milk has a different quality,

0:39:07.436,0:39:10.706
has different substances which[br]allows the baby to go to sleep more

0:39:10.706,0:39:12.776
and the same thing in the morning.

0:39:13.516,0:39:16.036
And now what happens when you[br]mix these up for the baby?

0:39:16.036,0:39:17.606
So life is more complex.

0:39:18.806,0:39:21.836
And remember, babies that are fed on[br]formula may be slightly disadvantaged.

0:39:21.836,0:39:23.186
I've already looked at that.

0:39:23.226,0:39:28.666
Babies born in 1970 in formula-fed are twice[br]likely to have neurological problems at age nine

0:39:28.666,0:39:32.076
as compared to exclusive breastfed[br]for the first three weeks.

0:39:32.156,0:39:37.336
Premature babies who are formula-fed achieve[br]significantly low IQ scores at age eight.

0:39:37.336,0:39:40.146
And premature babies are breastfed.

0:39:40.146,0:39:44.276
Is this due to the breastfed milk,[br]due the absence of body contact?

0:39:44.276,0:39:47.506
Is it due because by having the[br]privilege to be able to breastfeed,

0:39:47.506,0:39:50.746
it means you're already in[br]a more upper social class?

0:39:50.746,0:39:52.556
There are many of those, you know.

0:39:52.556,0:39:56.156
And I can keep going on these[br]if you look at formula.

0:39:56.346,0:40:00.976
Maternal milk is better than formula for[br]preterm babies, that date is quite good.

0:40:01.096,0:40:05.266
OK. And then finally, which is the[br]most interesting part when you think

0:40:05.266,0:40:13.846
of the evolutionary perspective, it[br]isn't only the baby at this point,

0:40:13.846,0:40:16.076
we need to also think of the epigenetics.

0:40:16.076,0:40:21.666
And I'm not going to talk about that today[br]or much, but remember that the mother --

0:40:21.876,0:40:30.726
The pregnant mother's lifestyle has an[br]impact on the fetal -- fetus development.

0:40:30.726,0:40:38.046
If the mother is anxious, is stressed, taking[br]drugs, takes alcohol, it affects the development

0:40:38.046,0:40:40.676
of the baby and that is a[br]burden the baby will carry.

0:40:40.816,0:40:44.956
However, it gets even more[br]significant that in fact the sense

0:40:44.956,0:40:50.326
that people say illnesses skip a generation,[br]they're sort of right in a very funny way.

0:40:50.326,0:40:57.616
Because a pregnant mother -- woman impacts[br]her baby, but also her future grandchild.

0:40:57.936,0:41:04.286
Because the little fetus that's[br]developing, all the fetuses' eggs

0:41:04.286,0:41:10.226
that are developing during the time[br]it's a fetus are impacted by the mother.

0:41:10.226,0:41:14.326
And that means that when that[br]-- The child becomes the mother,

0:41:14.696,0:41:18.806
its eggs are also have already[br]been shaped by her mother.

0:41:18.806,0:41:21.686
So the grandmother in fact impacts the mother.

0:41:21.686,0:41:24.546
And once you look at that, you[br]can really see how we do --

0:41:24.976,0:41:27.926
How our past transcends into the future.

0:41:28.566,0:41:33.416
And then let's look at totally about some[br]whole other areas about food, when we --

0:41:33.696,0:41:44.536
I cannot say enough about how I would say[br]how bad in many ways the US food supply is.

0:41:44.896,0:41:49.876
Bad is the wrong word to use how[br]unnutritious in any way it is.

0:41:49.876,0:41:52.556
It's remarkable that we get plenty of calories

0:41:52.556,0:41:55.336
and that's very important[br]if you don't have calories.

0:41:55.336,0:42:02.476
However, we are now becoming a world[br]of malnutrition, affluent malnutrition.

0:42:02.926,0:42:07.366
And we often spend lots of money's[br]time on foods that are not nutritious.

0:42:07.366,0:42:11.916
Here's a single case study as[br]we're about to look out for fun.

0:42:11.916,0:42:17.006
If you drink 10 Cokes a day for a month --[br]Now, it's not a study, it's a case report.

0:42:17.736,0:42:19.026
But I think it makes perfect sense.

0:42:19.026,0:42:25.156
When you drink a can, a £12 can of[br]Coke, you're drinking 39 grams of sugar.

0:42:25.156,0:42:26.106
That's a lot.

0:42:26.106,0:42:27.846
What happened?

0:42:27.846,0:42:33.446
Outcome after one month, increased[br]weight by 23 pounds, insulin levels,

0:42:33.446,0:42:39.296
the person became prediabetic, blood pressures[br]increased, the body fat increased by 9%.

0:42:39.296,0:42:42.656
And this -- And later on the[br]Harvard study has also shown this,

0:42:42.656,0:42:48.616
drinking one can of soda can lead to[br]a five-pound weight gain in a year.

0:42:48.616,0:42:53.926
And also drinking soda daily is strongly[br]to early death and increased likelihood

0:42:53.926,0:42:55.466
of having a heart attack or stroke.

0:42:55.466,0:43:01.656
It's also linked in women with an increase[br]in osteoarthritis even with athletes.

0:43:01.656,0:43:07.296
OK? So I'm not recommending drinking Cokes[br]by definition, but just when we don't listen

0:43:07.296,0:43:13.876
to our evolutionary diet or background and[br]we now do changes, it may backfire on us.

0:43:13.876,0:43:14.956
And I'm going to use a few.

0:43:14.956,0:43:18.876
I'm going to give three examples of this.

0:43:18.876,0:43:23.976
You can think of many more, but I'm trying[br]to think of a way of thinking about this.

0:43:23.976,0:43:27.516
OK. So what I look for is may you[br]feed carnivores or herbivore diet,

0:43:27.516,0:43:30.076
when you feed herbivores a carnivore diet.

0:43:30.076,0:43:33.936
And when you feed rats foods they were[br]totally unfamiliar with in their history.

0:43:33.936,0:43:37.266
So that's an allostatic load.

0:43:37.366,0:43:40.826
OK? This goes back to 1985.

0:43:41.236,0:43:44.966
This is in the US zoos, cheetahs[br]were not doing well.

0:43:45.586,0:43:48.546
They had many deaths, only[br]18 births, seven died.

0:43:48.656,0:43:51.146
Six percent cheetahs had liver damage.

0:43:51.226,0:43:54.296
Only 10% of females produce cups.

0:43:54.296,0:43:56.076
You could argue well, because they're in a zoo.

0:43:56.366,0:43:58.766
It worked out is not the[br]case because in the zoos

0:43:58.766,0:44:00.666
in South Africa, the cheetahs were doing well.

0:44:00.666,0:44:04.206
Remember, the cheetahs are one of the[br]fastest animals in the world, you know,

0:44:05.186,0:44:09.706
and so they had -- But in South[br]African zoos they had no problem.

0:44:09.706,0:44:13.466
Why? Well, what is the food we're feeding?

0:44:13.466,0:44:16.626
Who knows what it totally is,[br]but what the major factors appear

0:44:16.626,0:44:19.396
to be the diet of cheetah's health.

0:44:19.396,0:44:24.426
In South African -- In South Africa, the[br]cheetahs ate whole carcasses, whole meat,

0:44:24.996,0:44:28.216
just like they did for their evolutionary past.

0:44:28.216,0:44:32.806
In the US the cheetahs start to eat commercial[br]prepared cat food because it's much cheaper.

0:44:32.856,0:44:34.066
There was horse meat, that's OK.

0:44:34.066,0:44:38.346
But they include a lot of soya bean[br]products were added for protein.

0:44:39.366,0:44:43.946
Soy contains diazine and genistein[br]which acts as weak estrogens.

0:44:44.036,0:44:48.736
And estrogens can affect liver and increase[br]the size of uterus, possibly also carcinogenic

0:44:48.736,0:44:52.826
and excessive if you're estrogen[br]sensitive for breast cancer patients.

0:44:53.926,0:44:58.846
What is so interesting, when they got rid of[br]the soy and they gave the animals only meat,

0:44:59.376,0:45:01.936
their health improved and[br]their fertility improved again.

0:45:02.146,0:45:04.826
I'm not saying that eating[br]soy causes this at all.

0:45:04.826,0:45:09.016
In human beings because we are[br]not carnivores, we are omnivores.

0:45:09.016,0:45:17.506
Although I have my questions[br]about, you know, nonorganic soy,

0:45:17.506,0:45:19.356
so I would not quite recommend that.

0:45:19.586,0:45:21.426
But then look at the opposite one.

0:45:22.126,0:45:27.116
This is the mad cow disease episode[br]that occurred about 20, 25 years ago.

0:45:27.316,0:45:29.826
And this was happened mainly in Britain.

0:45:29.826,0:45:35.386
And what happened is that the animals[br]developed something called mad cow disease,

0:45:35.576,0:45:42.436
bovine spongy form encephalopathy,[br]essentially degenerate brain disease.

0:45:42.436,0:45:46.746
It's a similar disease that is seen in[br]human beings as Creutzveldt-Jacob disease.

0:45:46.746,0:45:48.186
It's a prion disease.

0:45:48.406,0:45:52.186
It's transmitted by eating[br]part of the brain tissue.

0:45:52.186,0:46:00.016
And that's also true in human beings because[br]the way, you know -- When you go to New Guinea,

0:46:00.556,0:46:05.116
where historically there was a large[br]episode of this kind of disorder is

0:46:05.156,0:46:11.646
because when the people would fight[br]each other in New Guinea, the tribes,

0:46:11.646,0:46:14.946
then the winning tribe would[br]eat the brains of their --

0:46:14.946,0:46:19.516
of the person they had beaten in the battle.

0:46:19.726,0:46:25.666
And if they were now infected with this[br]prion, they would then get the same disease.

0:46:25.666,0:46:31.216
OK? So we know if you eat the nervous[br]tissue, then that could be an issue.

0:46:31.726,0:46:36.906
Most likely, people hypothesize that[br]mad cow disease in Britain started

0:46:36.906,0:46:44.606
when they changed the way the meat[br]waste products were distributed.

0:46:44.866,0:46:51.066
Namely, what the people did is you would collect[br]meat products and that could be from cows,

0:46:51.066,0:46:57.006
from sheep, from all others, you know, and then[br]you would process this to make a meat powder

0:46:57.006,0:47:01.756
which you would then feed to the cows to quickly[br]have them gain weight and produce more milk.

0:47:01.756,0:47:06.196
OK? So now basically you are[br]giving the cows who are --

0:47:06.196,0:47:14.106
whose GI tract has really evolved to eat[br]grass very low quality, you could say food,

0:47:14.456,0:47:19.356
low caloric food, you now[br]feed it a carnivore diet.

0:47:19.356,0:47:24.776
And most likely in that process, when you now[br]fed them these waste products all ground up

0:47:24.776,0:47:31.076
and processed, they contained the prions from[br]the sheep which in sheep is called scrapy.

0:47:31.076,0:47:33.556
And then that let it be expressed in cows.

0:47:33.556,0:47:37.646
And then when these cows were slaughtered[br]again, you would then take their waste products

0:47:37.646,0:47:40.696
as fish holders and you would[br]again feed it to other cows.

0:47:41.476,0:47:45.206
And so that's most likely[br]how mad cow disease started.

0:47:45.206,0:47:48.206
And the quickest way this was[br]stopped by not doing that anymore.

0:47:49.246,0:47:53.666
But it's, you know -- I'm not saying[br]that eating meat would be harmful,

0:47:53.866,0:48:00.076
but possibly if you never were exposed to it[br]then your GI tract may not be able to cope

0:48:00.076,0:48:04.266
with the scrapy or with the prion or[br]other things that may be occurring.

0:48:04.926,0:48:08.766
So that's when you step outside of it[br]and then let me do a different one.

0:48:09.696,0:48:12.976
This is a very interesting one about rats.

0:48:12.976,0:48:21.336
It's an old study by Campbell and Campbell[br]or it's really by Wells even older in 1976.

0:48:21.336,0:48:25.286
You take rats and you give[br]them a low doses aflatoxin,

0:48:25.286,0:48:30.796
which is a very powerful carcinogenic[br]agent developing these tumors and cancer.

0:48:30.846,0:48:34.796
In most people if a dosage high enough,[br]but you give them a very low dose.

0:48:34.796,0:48:39.646
And what is interesting is you get[br]to normal rats, you get this low dose

0:48:40.086,0:48:44.076
and then you haven't eaten normal rat show.

0:48:44.076,0:48:47.436
And then cancer is expressed in all the animals.

0:48:49.286,0:48:54.016
Now what you do is you change --[br]And you change the rat child of food

0:48:54.016,0:48:57.136
because basically what is the rat food?

0:48:57.136,0:49:01.296
It's a little rat pellets, but it[br]often has a lot of milk products in it,

0:49:01.296,0:49:03.576
milk protein called casein in it.

0:49:03.636,0:49:09.116
But I think from an evolutionary perspective,[br]rats never drank milk or milk products.

0:49:09.116,0:49:11.316
I mean they eat everything, probably not milk.

0:49:11.506,0:49:16.846
So their body probably did not die to process[br]this well then it's an allostatic load.

0:49:17.046,0:49:23.586
What is so interesting is when you reduce the[br]consumption of -- in the foods to 5% of casein,

0:49:23.846,0:49:28.126
then when you give them this[br]aflatoxin, it would induce cancer.

0:49:28.126,0:49:29.656
The cancer does not occur.

0:49:29.826,0:49:38.126
So, you can see as if the casein[br]increases or reduces the immune response

0:49:38.126,0:49:41.266
or ability and allows the cancer to occur.

0:49:42.196,0:49:49.216
Again, from my simplistic perspective is[br]that rats never ate milk or milk products.

0:49:49.216,0:49:51.066
So this is a novelty.

0:49:51.066,0:49:54.326
And then there's a long-term cost.

0:49:54.326,0:49:57.566
There's some evidence in human[br]beings that eating lower animal --

0:49:57.726,0:50:01.426
Lower levels of animal protein is[br]associated with lower cancer rates.

0:50:01.426,0:50:04.976
So the more veggies and fruits you[br]eat, the probably better it is.

0:50:05.046,0:50:11.106
It is not as clear because the Inuit[br]people in the Arctic eat mainly,

0:50:11.106,0:50:17.296
historically ate mainly animal[br]products, lots of fats

0:50:17.296,0:50:21.226
and blubber, and they did not develop cancer.

0:50:21.496,0:50:23.886
So that it may not be as clear as it all looks.

0:50:25.666,0:50:26.976
But, you know, living in harmony

0:50:26.976,0:50:29.716
with your evolutionary past may[br]give hope for a number of disorders.

0:50:29.716,0:50:32.026
I'm going to make a whole[br]long list for a moment.

0:50:32.026,0:50:38.676
There's some suggestive evidence -- Some[br]suggestions that even epilepsy in children,

0:50:39.106,0:50:45.136
and epilepsy is a complex disease, it's not[br]simple, but for some can be at least controlled

0:50:45.136,0:50:47.056
by eating a total ketogenic diet.

0:50:47.056,0:50:48.486
This is very hard to do.

0:50:48.486,0:50:52.536
And just eating -- And for them, if[br]you put them on a ketogenic diet,

0:50:52.906,0:50:57.386
then if they just eat one cupcake which would[br]then be refined flour would trigger seizures.

0:50:57.386,0:51:01.966
There are many other factors, but this is at[br]least one the person could have control over.

0:51:02.116,0:51:05.706
Two, I already alluded to the cancer[br]as giving a low dose about autotoxin.

0:51:05.706,0:51:11.786
But this may also suggest that[br]possibly what the foods were now eating,

0:51:12.226,0:51:16.516
some of them are so strange and not[br]part of our evolutionary background

0:51:16.666,0:51:19.846
that it may do something[br]for us in a similar way.

0:51:19.846,0:51:21.536
We just don't know.

0:51:21.536,0:51:27.876
And then there's a case of, again, which you[br]all watch by multiple sclerosis by Terry Wahl,

0:51:27.876,0:51:28.996
who had severe multiple sclerosis.

0:51:28.996,0:51:34.926
She adopts a hunting and gathering diet[br]and then thereby reverses her MS totally.

0:51:34.976,0:51:38.046
You know, there are case examples,[br]but I think they give hints.

0:51:38.046,0:51:40.866
And then we need to think of foods.

0:51:40.866,0:51:44.226
I mean, we, you know -- When you look at[br]your tissue, look at your hand for a moment,

0:51:44.916,0:51:48.386
look at -- Remember every cell in your body,

0:51:48.886,0:51:54.926
everything your whole body is built,[br]created from the foods we ate.

0:51:54.926,0:51:58.766
If you eat, you know -- Think[br]of building a house.

0:51:58.796,0:52:04.146
If you have very good materials and you have a[br]very good plan then the house were very strong.

0:52:04.266,0:52:06.956
The plan could be your genetics[br]and the epigenetics.

0:52:07.856,0:52:14.346
But even with a very good plan,[br]if you have poor materials,

0:52:14.576,0:52:19.716
the house or the building you're making will not[br]be as good and would be in danger of collapse.

0:52:19.716,0:52:21.716
And think of it this way.

0:52:21.716,0:52:26.096
And now much of our foods we're eating and[br]partly because of the green revolution,

0:52:26.096,0:52:31.246
which has been great, that allows all[br]of us to have enough plenty of foods.

0:52:31.246,0:52:33.166
So there is always a balance.

0:52:33.376,0:52:40.076
But our monoculture and our processed foods[br]may eliminate many important micronutrients.

0:52:41.356,0:52:42.996
You know, we're not aware of what we need.

0:52:43.776,0:52:48.416
Two, our pesticides and herbicides --[br]I'm just thinking of Monsanta's Roundup,

0:52:48.416,0:52:54.726
we'll do this later when we talk about food, are[br]carcinogenic and immune suppressant, you know.

0:52:54.896,0:53:00.656
And then there's lots of evidence that[br]we -- That our -- The foods we eat may --

0:53:01.216,0:53:05.736
Or the lack of foods we eat may be[br]a cause of a number of illnesses.

0:53:05.816,0:53:08.946
Just think of going back[br]during the ages of, you know --

0:53:08.946,0:53:19.126
just think back of the age of sailing[br]where sailors got scurvy, you know.

0:53:19.246,0:53:20.716
But why did they get scurvy?

0:53:20.896,0:53:25.086
Scurvy? Because the foods they[br]were eating was even pickled.

0:53:25.356,0:53:29.006
They were not getting enough[br]vitamin C so they lost their teeth.

0:53:29.006,0:53:32.666
There's massive death rate[br]of sailors due to scurvy.

0:53:32.666,0:53:38.176
It was until the observation was made[br]that when they ate limes, citrus fruit,

0:53:38.176,0:53:42.746
which contained vitamin C, there are many foods[br]that have more vitamin C that once they start

0:53:42.746,0:53:45.846
to eat those, then they could[br]solve that disease.

0:53:45.846,0:53:53.476
And then in the late 19th century, you know,[br]with the advent of the result of colonization

0:53:53.476,0:54:01.246
in the -- in much of the world and the[br]idea that brown rice was sort of, well,

0:54:01.246,0:54:04.636
that's for common people[br]that white rice was best.

0:54:04.886,0:54:11.536
But the trouble was by eating white rice[br]you get rid of the vitamin B1, thiamine.

0:54:11.536,0:54:15.936
And that led then to a very serious[br]neurological disease very, very.

0:54:15.936,0:54:20.276
You know, it was because we[br]started not eat the whole foods.

0:54:20.276,0:54:22.536
There's so many of these we can't think of it.

0:54:22.536,0:54:25.986
OK? Let me do another one[br]here about spina bifida.

0:54:25.986,0:54:32.316
Spina bifida, you know, is really that the spine[br]does not close of the little -- of the fetus.

0:54:32.806,0:54:36.736
However, it can totally be almost[br]avoided, at least decreased

0:54:36.876,0:54:40.686
if the food contains enough folic acid.

0:54:40.686,0:54:42.616
But what do you get folic acid by?

0:54:42.616,0:54:48.286
By eating spinach, asparagus, turnips,[br]greens, legumes, many of these and organ meats

0:54:48.286,0:54:50.976
such as liver and kidney all contain folate.

0:54:51.256,0:54:52.296
You don't need to take a pill.

0:54:53.186,0:54:54.526
You need the right foods.

0:54:54.526,0:54:59.006
So when I see these, that we need to[br]add these substances to the foods,

0:54:59.006,0:55:01.756
it's really telling me we're[br]eating the wrong foods.

0:55:04.046,0:55:07.546
OK? And I already talked[br]about the vitamin C or think

0:55:07.546,0:55:12.586
of Omega 3 or fatty, you know -- fish oils.

0:55:13.406,0:55:19.016
You know, this then -- The data looks very[br]good that mothers who are at high risk,

0:55:19.166,0:55:21.506
that's genetic for allergic disease.

0:55:21.506,0:55:26.336
When they got Omega 3s from 21[br]weeks of gestation to birth,

0:55:27.436,0:55:32.596
that there was a significant decrease[br]in eczema, egg allergies and others.

0:55:32.596,0:55:39.026
Notice almost it went from 12% for the[br]controls who didn't get it to 7%, 15 to 9.

0:55:39.366,0:55:45.156
Most likely if the mothers had it from[br]the at the beginning of pregnancy,

0:55:45.406,0:55:48.176
maybe these numbers would even be much better.

0:55:48.176,0:55:49.966
And this is the result at age one.

0:55:50.276,0:55:56.916
So notice the long lasting cost by having[br]a diet that's low in Omega 3 at least.

0:55:56.916,0:56:03.076
And our diet right now is massively weighted[br]to Omega 6s, which is highly inflammatory

0:56:03.076,0:56:07.356
because so much of the foods we[br]eat are it include corn, oils,

0:56:07.356,0:56:09.356
et cetera, which are all omega 6s.

0:56:10.386,0:56:15.796
OK? It even changes behavior if you[br]give Omega 3 supplements for six months.

0:56:16.106,0:56:19.976
And that's a double-blind[br]study for 8- to 16-year-olds.

0:56:20.836,0:56:28.556
You know, overall, what you see is that it's a[br]reduction in significantly in behavior problems.

0:56:28.556,0:56:29.766
It's just really remarkable.

0:56:30.286,0:56:36.956
OK? And now I'm going to shift again to diet one[br]more time, going back to the exposure of getting

0:56:37.096,0:56:43.646
to food poisoning which so often occurs in our[br]modern diet, whether all of a sudden thousands

0:56:43.926,0:56:47.946
of people die or hundreds of people[br]die and some or get sick and a few die

0:56:47.946,0:56:51.336
because they ate hamburgers[br]or even the romaine lettuce.

0:56:51.336,0:56:52.886
Here's one of romaine lettuce.

0:56:52.966,0:56:56.376
But the question really is what caused it?

0:56:56.376,0:57:02.466
And in most cases, we would see as[br]caused basically, you know, by e. coli.

0:57:02.466,0:57:07.126
Right? But look at -- But I would want to[br]argue that it's really what we have done

0:57:07.126,0:57:09.476
with the -- with our cows and our animals.

0:57:09.476,0:57:16.846
So let me take you through a little story why we[br]get possibly one pathway, we get food poisoning

0:57:16.846,0:57:18.706
in one case and not in the other.

0:57:20.046,0:57:25.096
OK. The normal diet of a cow is[br]basically somehow grass us is on the left,

0:57:25.126,0:57:28.456
but now we bring them to a feedlot[br]where they're getting a lot of grains.

0:57:28.456,0:57:31.196
The reason you do this, because[br]they'll bulk up very quickly.

0:57:31.196,0:57:37.846
However, the gastrointestinal tract of a[br]cow is not really -- It did, you know --

0:57:37.846,0:57:41.036
From an evolutionary perspective[br]did not have to process it.

0:57:41.036,0:57:46.036
And it changes the pH in[br]the cow in the fecal mass.

0:57:46.676,0:57:49.946
OK? And so, if you look at that[br]-- If you look at the manure

0:57:49.946,0:57:52.906
of cattle eating grass, it's about 7.7.3.

0:57:52.906,0:58:01.006
While the manure of cattle at feedlots wheat[br]grain, which is very high caloric value is 5.3.

0:58:01.006,0:58:04.606
Now why is this important?

0:58:04.606,0:58:10.316
OK, all the manure in cows contain e. coli, but[br]there are many different versions of e. coli.

0:58:10.446,0:58:17.246
And the one that lets us get sick,[br]really get sick is the e. coli 0157.

0:58:17.426,0:58:22.616
That is the e. coli that survives at a[br]very low pH and much more acidic condition.

0:58:22.616,0:58:28.996
And notice that if the manure of[br]the cow is that eats grass is 7.3,

0:58:28.996,0:58:33.136
there will be a very low number of this e.[br]coli because they wouldn't really survive well

0:58:33.136,0:58:39.186
at this higher pH. And then when that cow gets[br]slaughtered, keep that in mind, then probably --

0:58:39.186,0:58:42.286
Sometimes the intestinal[br]content contaminates the meat.

0:58:44.246,0:58:48.526
Now you eat your hamburger[br]with the contamination in it.

0:58:48.576,0:58:52.286
But since it is the e. coli[br]that survives at 7.3 when it --

0:58:52.286,0:58:58.626
but you now eat it goes into your[br]stomach, but the stomach is a ph of 2

0:58:58.626,0:59:04.446
and all those e. coli essentially all[br]get killed and so you don't get sick.

0:59:04.446,0:59:10.096
Now on the other hand, if you're eating[br]meat from the cattle from a feedlot

0:59:10.096,0:59:16.826
that has been eating the mainly grain,[br]its manure is 5.3 and then it's in --

0:59:16.826,0:59:23.356
And you see a thousand times more e.[br]coli, you know, 0157 which is the one

0:59:23.356,0:59:27.426
that is really makes us very[br]sick as I point out.

0:59:27.426,0:59:31.126
And when you now -- And they[br]now multiply in the meter or so

0:59:31.586,0:59:34.676
and now when you eat them[br]they go through your stomach.

0:59:34.676,0:59:41.216
But now, they can survive this[br]pH's acid of and 10% survive that

0:59:41.216,0:59:44.726
and then they start multiplying this[br]lethal infection in your intestines.

0:59:45.806,0:59:48.036
So that is really the big difference.

0:59:49.016,0:59:55.146
So the cure is probably not to try[br]to give antibiotics or anything else.

0:59:55.146,0:59:58.366
It would say maybe we should[br]think of the evolutionary backup.

0:59:58.366,1:00:02.956
What should cattle be eating[br]to reduce their health?

1:00:03.046,1:00:11.756
So we fed the cows hay or grass then the pH[br]would stay up to 7.3 and would reduce the odds

1:00:11.756,1:00:16.306
of having this e. coli 0157[br]be present in the foods.

1:00:16.306,1:00:20.816
Because now if the cattle that has the[br]-- is from the feedlot is slaughtered

1:00:20.966,1:00:24.786
and the meat is contaminated, now when[br]you eat it, you potentially get sick.

1:00:24.856,1:00:32.606
But moreover, the manure of this[br]cattle at 5.3 drifts over fields

1:00:32.606,1:00:38.256
where there may be spinach is grown or other[br]foods are grown or a worker carries this

1:00:38.256,1:00:41.506
on their boots and goes to those[br]fields or goes for the water.

1:00:41.506,1:00:47.936
Then all of a sudden, you're spraying some[br]fields of vegetables with this e. coli 0157

1:00:48.376,1:00:51.896
and then you can get sick by[br]eating even the vegetables.

1:00:52.026,1:00:53.706
OK, I think that's enough.

1:00:54.756,1:00:57.466
OK? And then there's so many other factors,

1:00:57.466,1:01:03.166
I can keep going that the foods[br]we eat also change our bacteria.

1:01:03.166,1:01:09.936
Remember, the foods we eat affect which[br]colonies of bacteria increase or decrease.

1:01:09.966,1:01:14.636
But most of the foods we now eat look[br]the same and are totally different.

1:01:14.636,1:01:19.746
Almost all the grain, corn, soy,[br]processed foods and meats contain low level

1:01:19.746,1:01:24.816
of Monsanta's produced herbicides, Roundup[br]and other herbicides and pesticides.

1:01:25.926,1:01:33.336
And those -- And they in fact suppress[br]some of the healthy human biome bacteria

1:01:33.576,1:01:40.176
and allow the more pathological ones to[br]continue possibly as this we may have messed up.

1:01:40.176,1:01:42.916
We need to go back and think how[br]we're living in the first place.

1:01:43.326,1:01:46.236
And remember, we are an ecological system.

1:01:46.806,1:01:48.216
I want to underline this.

1:01:48.426,1:01:52.856
We -- And now I move even more to a[br]slight different perspective on this,

1:01:52.856,1:01:58.656
to some illnesses that they evolved with[br]parasites, bacteria, and viruses, you know.

1:01:58.656,1:02:04.736
And when we eliminate some of those bacteria[br]or parasites, the balance is disrupted.

1:02:04.736,1:02:06.026
The pathology can occur.

1:02:06.026,1:02:10.406
Some of you have experienced that[br]already when you have taken antibiotics.

1:02:10.406,1:02:15.206
Often more women may have experienced that[br]more when they had no problems at all,

1:02:15.206,1:02:18.506
then they took antibiotics even maybe for acne.

1:02:18.506,1:02:22.816
And then the antibiotic not only[br]killed a whole class of bacteria

1:02:22.816,1:02:25.516
in their GI tract but also[br]in the vaginal barrel.

1:02:25.916,1:02:28.076
And then they've developed a yeast infection.

1:02:29.026,1:02:34.206
Because when you remove certain groups[br]of bacteria, others will take over.

1:02:34.726,1:02:37.116
So what is critical is the balance.

1:02:37.116,1:02:38.106
And I want to talk about.

1:02:38.106,1:02:41.156
And that's all what you'll be[br]reading in the book by Blazer,

1:02:41.446,1:02:42.766
which really looks at the human biome.

1:02:42.766,1:02:47.626
But I want to go back now for a moment[br]about our parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

1:02:47.626,1:02:49.296
We've lift those forever.

1:02:49.766,1:02:51.176
We live in symbiosis.

1:02:51.176,1:02:53.966
That is really where the bacteria are mutual.

1:02:54.536,1:02:57.406
You know, we live together and[br]they're in different categories.

1:02:57.616,1:02:59.476
In mutualism, they both benefit.

1:02:59.476,1:03:04.226
And many bacteria benefit by living[br]with us, and we benefit from them.

1:03:04.226,1:03:08.896
Then there's commensal, which is where one[br]benefits but not the other one doesn't.

1:03:08.896,1:03:10.306
There's no harm, you know.

1:03:10.306,1:03:15.326
And the final one is basically a parasite[br]where one benefits and the other one is harmed.

1:03:15.446,1:03:17.176
And the harm can be very minimally.

1:03:17.176,1:03:23.186
If you're intrigued in parasites specifically,[br]a great older book which I really like,

1:03:23.186,1:03:26.676
is by Rob Dunn, the Wildlife of Our Bodies.

1:03:26.676,1:03:28.976
It's really the epidemic of absence.

1:03:28.976,1:03:32.966
It's a way of understanding[br]autoimmune illnesses, you know.

1:03:33.036,1:03:34.786
But let me give this as an example.

1:03:35.266,1:03:40.146
In the 1930s and '40s, nearly[br]half American children had worms.

1:03:40.146,1:03:47.936
And if you go all around the world in third[br]world countries, except in our weird world,

1:03:47.936,1:03:52.466
that's Western, educated,[br]industrialized, rich, democratic countries,

1:03:54.076,1:03:59.436
many people had little worms, you know,[br]sometimes like whip worms and others.

1:03:59.606,1:04:03.286
In most cases, they were very benign[br]unless you had too many of them.

1:04:03.286,1:04:06.376
There are some bits you never want to get.

1:04:06.866,1:04:10.456
OK? And one way that -- In the[br]1930s, most of people had it just

1:04:10.456,1:04:13.486
like your dog has worms at times.

1:04:13.486,1:04:17.396
OK? But usually, the way you[br]would avoid getting worms is

1:04:17.396,1:04:19.696
that you would not have to[br]walk on human fecal mass.

1:04:19.696,1:04:22.366
So what you then did is but[br]you -- If you wore shoes

1:04:22.366,1:04:26.146
and used an indoor toilet,[br]you're less likely to get it.

1:04:26.466,1:04:32.546
But what is so interesting is that a disease[br]called Crohn's disease did not exist in places

1:04:32.546,1:04:36.186
where people generally didn't[br]have people at intestinal worms.

1:04:36.186,1:04:41.186
But as the intestinal worms have become[br]very rare, which we have done in the US

1:04:41.186,1:04:45.826
and many other places, all of a[br]sudden, we get this -- The much more --

1:04:45.826,1:04:48.946
And whole serious illness[br]called Crohn's disease.

1:04:49.046,1:04:50.806
Now, worms is always relevant.

1:04:50.806,1:04:55.046
Having a few worms in you,[br]many of them that you would --

1:04:55.226,1:04:59.286
You intake them, they would multiply[br]in you, you would excrete the eggs

1:04:59.286,1:05:01.666
and it would be one cycle[br]till you get reinfected.

1:05:01.666,1:05:02.976
Others could be very harmful.

1:05:03.066,1:05:08.946
But in many cases of -- They could be more,[br]you know -- They would just do a tiniest harm.

1:05:08.946,1:05:11.076
It's only if you're a highly malnutrition

1:05:11.076,1:05:14.026
that other issues were going[br]on that it was very harmful.

1:05:14.026,1:05:19.376
And remember, I want to underline again,[br]most people had experience of worms

1:05:19.376,1:05:23.906
until the 20th century, but by[br]having better hygiene, wearing shoes,

1:05:24.076,1:05:27.676
and children are now growing up[br]without ever having had worms.

1:05:28.706,1:05:32.636
And the worms can live in our,[br]you know, GI tract or bloodstream.

1:05:32.636,1:05:34.216
I'm not recommending it in a bloodstream.

1:05:34.216,1:05:40.896
And to survive -- However, to survive[br]within the host, worms must interact with

1:05:40.896,1:05:43.326
and change the host immune system.

1:05:43.326,1:05:47.546
You see. And some worms can cause disease,[br]but many are not, possibly even harmful

1:05:47.546,1:05:50.576
and may even beneficial for our immune system.

1:05:50.576,1:05:52.416
That's hard to believe, I know conceptually.

1:05:53.566,1:06:01.836
But you could argue if we live for as[br]long as we know with some parasites,

1:06:02.156,1:06:05.436
our immune system would then[br]be in a kind of balance

1:06:05.436,1:06:09.306
with these parasites or this[br]-- with these worms.

1:06:09.656,1:06:12.906
And all of a sudden, if you[br]take these worms away,

1:06:13.416,1:06:15.326
then our immune system may not know how to cope.

1:06:15.326,1:06:20.076
So it is now believed that the[br]inflammatory bowel diseases,

1:06:20.076,1:06:24.466
such as Crohn's disease is really partial --

1:06:24.466,1:06:30.156
is partially caused by dysregulation[br]of mucosal immune system, you know.

1:06:30.156,1:06:34.186
So, we see this massive increase[br]in Crohn's disease.

1:06:34.816,1:06:40.856
If, on the other hand, if during childhood[br]you get exposures to Helmuth, that's worms,

1:06:40.976,1:06:44.496
they somehow talk to your immune[br]system or they produce something

1:06:44.496,1:06:47.046
which tells the immune system, hey, slow down.

1:06:47.246,1:06:48.826
I'm just here as a passenger.

1:06:48.826,1:06:49.746
I won't do too much.

1:06:49.746,1:06:51.406
Just keep it cool.

1:06:51.406,1:06:52.476
I'm making this up.

1:06:52.476,1:06:58.696
And then as if -- It stamps[br]down the inflammation.

1:06:59.416,1:07:04.756
But without that experience, the[br]immune system has no way to change.

1:07:04.786,1:07:07.886
And this is one of the hypotheses[br]by Joel Weinstock

1:07:07.886,1:07:10.106
and he has done some very interesting studies

1:07:10.106,1:07:13.606
on using Helmuth parasitic[br]worms to help the immune system.

1:07:14.036,1:07:16.976
As I pointed out earlier, the disease,

1:07:16.976,1:07:22.296
Crohn's disease is a very[br]difficult illness on our GI tract.

1:07:22.296,1:07:26.986
It's where our immune system is attacking and[br]causes horrible abdominal pain, skin rash.

1:07:26.986,1:07:28.946
It's just truly difficult.

1:07:30.066,1:07:32.726
OK? It's just a disaster.

1:07:32.726,1:07:39.156
And now estimates 1/3 million people[br]have this, at least in the United States.

1:07:39.156,1:07:44.286
And one of the ways -- If you think about[br]it, how come Crohn's disease does not exist

1:07:44.286,1:07:46.456
in third world countries[br]because people have worms.

1:07:46.456,1:07:48.456
That's a hypothesis, by the way.

1:07:48.456,1:07:52.936
But people have been doing[br]episodic experiments on this.

1:07:53.366,1:07:56.436
And now in a more systematic[br]study by Joel Weinstock,

1:07:56.436,1:07:59.376
he took chronic people with[br]chronic Crohn's disease.

1:07:59.826,1:08:01.816
They now gave them worms.

1:08:01.816,1:08:04.176
Now, you know, with worm, it's just benign.

1:08:04.176,1:08:05.636
It doesn't do any harm.

1:08:05.886,1:08:07.056
You know, you put little eggs in it.

1:08:07.056,1:08:08.326
You don't even know you're swallowing in.

1:08:08.806,1:08:11.326
And what happened in this[br]study of these 29 patients?

1:08:11.326,1:08:13.426
Four patients, yuck, worms.

1:08:13.426,1:08:14.336
I don't want to do this.

1:08:14.336,1:08:16.806
So they got a medication[br]to get rid of the worms.

1:08:17.246,1:08:22.486
But in 24 weeks, all but one patient was[br]doing, 21 patients were in remission.

1:08:23.906,1:08:25.886
Now that is remarkable.

1:08:26.746,1:08:31.356
Their bodies were much healthier than[br]when they had -- now they had parasites.

1:08:31.356,1:08:34.246
And so, you know, this is very suggestive.

1:08:34.246,1:08:38.026
And it's a similar model you see later, as[br]you'll be reading in the book by Blaser,

1:08:38.026,1:08:43.906
about the whole part of our human biome that[br]when they're empty -- when there's absence.

1:08:43.906,1:08:50.786
And remember to underline, going back[br]again to the inflammatory GI disorders,

1:08:50.786,1:08:55.496
one of the promising remedial acts[br]against irritable bowel disease

1:08:55.496,1:08:58.796
and other allergic autoimmune[br]illnesses is helminth therapy.

1:08:58.796,1:09:04.516
It can also be probably bacterial[br]therapy or human biome therapy.

1:09:04.516,1:09:07.836
Cure of helminth therapy seems[br]to be the most effective therapy

1:09:07.836,1:09:10.816
in the irritable bowel disease[br]currently proposed.

1:09:11.476,1:09:17.176
OK? And now I'll jump even more[br]that the human biome is active

1:09:17.176,1:09:18.766
and a vital participant in our lives.

1:09:18.766,1:09:25.216
Remember, more than half of your -- of the DNA[br]in your body are bacteria, are human biome.

1:09:25.746,1:09:26.516
And that's critical.

1:09:26.516,1:09:28.246
So do look at the book by Blaser.

1:09:28.816,1:09:33.016
And we get these exposures to these[br]different -- once in many different ways.

1:09:33.016,1:09:34.466
You know, kids play in the dirt.

1:09:34.466,1:09:39.286
Eating dirt is very helpful, you know?

1:09:39.286,1:09:44.606
You know, our GI tract, these bacteria produce[br]serotonin and many, in fact, interestingly,

1:09:44.606,1:09:51.346
many of our antibiotics are derived[br]from material, you know, grown in dirt.

1:09:51.826,1:09:52.686
So, play the dirt.

1:09:52.686,1:09:53.446
It's much better.

1:09:53.446,1:09:59.146
OK? And maybe we shouldn't be using[br]so many antimicrobial soaps, you know?

1:09:59.146,1:10:00.386
Possibly, yes.

1:10:01.136,1:10:06.796
If you know someone is infectious do wash your[br]hands and after bathroom use wash your hands

1:10:07.026,1:10:12.836
but most likely don't use antimicrobial[br]soaps because basically you are developing --

1:10:12.836,1:10:17.746
You get rid of the healthy bacteria and[br]maybe leave a place for unhealthy bacteria.

1:10:18.186,1:10:25.016
And as I said earlier our human body is made of[br]many cells at least half of those in our bodies

1:10:25.016,1:10:27.986
or more our bacterial nonhuman cells.

1:10:28.276,1:10:29.576
It's most interesting.

1:10:29.576,1:10:36.336
And there's so many factors that affect the gut[br]bacteria which includes the birthing process,

1:10:36.336,1:10:42.066
the breastfeeding, exposure dirt, antibiotic[br]exposures, diet and they all are interactive.

1:10:42.546,1:10:47.456
And I think on that note I[br]will stop but keep thinking

1:10:47.456,1:10:52.896
of the evolutionary background what are[br]you doing now that your great, great,

1:10:52.896,1:10:57.036
great grandparents would have no idea about?

1:10:57.566,1:11:05.956
And it's likely that those novelties could[br]be harmful or increase an allostatic load

1:11:05.956,1:11:10.976
and could be a co-contributor to many of[br]these inflammatory diseases we now have.

0:00:03.046,0:00:07.316
&gt;&gt; Living in harmony with our[br]evolutionary past, Part 1.

0:00:07.316,0:00:09.256
This is an asynchronous presentation.

0:00:09.256,0:00:15.326
As we all know, we are part of parcel[br]of nature, and it always reminds me,

0:00:15.326,0:00:17.206
when we look at our genetics and DNA.

0:00:17.206,0:00:23.386
Remember, genetically we're, even to[br]bananas, we are 60% genetically similar.

0:00:23.386,0:00:26.426
To a cow, about 80%.

0:00:26.516,0:00:28.426
To a mouse, 85.

0:00:28.856,0:00:30.116
To a cat, 90.

0:00:30.116,0:00:34.746
To a chimpanzee, 96% genetically similar.

0:00:34.746,0:00:39.586
And all modern humans are[br]99.9% genetically similar.

0:00:39.586,0:00:49.276
So in a way, we are almost controlled, in a[br]way, or modulated by our evolutionary past.

0:00:49.276,0:00:53.726
And know any variation of that[br]may make life more challenging.

0:00:53.726,0:01:00.456
But anyway, it sometimes then helps to ask the[br]question on a reflection: how did we evolve,

0:01:00.656,0:01:04.336
and how did they live for[br]those thousands of generations?

0:01:04.396,0:01:06.876
Go back 50,000 years ago.

0:01:06.976,0:01:07.996
How did they live?

0:01:08.486,0:01:10.486
We were hunters and gatherers.

0:01:10.586,0:01:12.326
We ate all variety of food.

0:01:12.326,0:01:14.946
We lived in small clans.

0:01:14.946,0:01:19.136
Yes, people died in childbirth,[br]people died in accidents,

0:01:19.136,0:01:22.446
but some lived until the age 90, just as much.

0:01:22.496,0:01:27.786
There may have been a deduction in some[br]of the illnesses, we now so commonly have,

0:01:27.786,0:01:31.136
such as our inflammatory illnesses.

0:01:31.316,0:01:35.426
You know, and what kind of foods people[br]eat, by which they are allowed themselves

0:01:35.426,0:01:37.176
to survive, by which we survived?

0:01:37.176,0:01:38.836
How did we move?

0:01:38.836,0:01:40.376
How did we take rest?

0:01:40.376,0:01:43.726
What constitute our social systems,[br]which is probably a small thing.

0:01:44.096,0:01:49.726
All those factors still are[br]seen in our behavior today.

0:01:49.726,0:01:51.376
We still react.

0:01:51.376,0:01:59.136
We still live, and optimally, when we accept any[br]and live in harmony with our evolutionary past.

0:01:59.136,0:02:02.236
So this presentation will focus more on this.

0:02:02.236,0:02:07.186
And part of it is that I look around, and[br]I'm also shocked of how many young children

0:02:07.186,0:02:15.236
and adults have now autoimmune illnesses, have[br]cognitive disorders, such as ADHD, or you know,

0:02:16.756,0:02:20.006
you know, or how many other[br]illnesses is listed here?

0:02:20.006,0:02:26.286
And how come many of this those diseases[br]are mainly absent in rural Africa,

0:02:26.286,0:02:29.536
and much more common in the[br]industrialized first world.

0:02:29.536,0:02:36.106
And we see this kind of epidemic of[br]autoimmune illnesses, of allergies increasing

0:02:36.106,0:02:38.056
and increasing all around the world.

0:02:38.056,0:02:42.726
And then, how come 1/3rd of American[br]children are now pre-diabetic,

0:02:42.726,0:02:45.626
which is really a horrible[br]prediction for the future.

0:02:45.626,0:02:49.496
How come there's such an[br]increase in nearsightedness?

0:02:49.636,0:02:56.086
How come cancer, Alzheimer's disease, appears[br]to be occurring earlier than ever before?

0:02:56.316,0:03:01.416
And how come these diseases are occurring[br]more frequently, and were almost absent

0:03:01.416,0:03:05.416
in your grandparents generation or[br]in our non-industrialized people.

0:03:05.416,0:03:09.456
These are the interesting questions[br]to me, because they ask not just,

0:03:09.456,0:03:15.686
what can we do to treat these disorders,[br]what can we do to treat allergies?

0:03:15.686,0:03:19.106
And it's remarkable that we can do some of that.

0:03:19.166,0:03:22.986
But what is it that we need to do to things[br]to prevent it, and optimize our health.

0:03:22.986,0:03:26.046
So that is really the sense[br]of trying to understand living

0:03:26.046,0:03:28.226
in harmony of our evolutionary past.

0:03:28.226,0:03:32.926
And statistically, as you can see very well[br]on this slide, that many of the illnesses,

0:03:32.926,0:03:38.676
incidence of infectious diseases, either by[br]viruses or by bacteria, have now been reduced.

0:03:38.676,0:03:40.356
Look at hepatitis A going down.

0:03:40.356,0:03:41.756
TB has been going down.

0:03:41.996,0:03:43.186
Mumps and measles.

0:03:43.186,0:03:46.216
I know that looks like it's[br]only due to vaccinations,

0:03:46.216,0:03:50.416
but many of these were already going[br]down before vaccinations ever occur.

0:03:50.416,0:03:58.026
And look how we have this -- this epidemic, in[br]a way, of these more autoimmune like illnesses.

0:03:58.376,0:04:02.666
You know, whether it's Crohn's disease,[br]that's the gastrointestinal disorder,

0:04:02.806,0:04:06.606
or type one diabetes, asthma,[br]multiple sclerosis.

0:04:07.116,0:04:12.596
You know, it's really, it's shocking to me to[br]think of that, you know, of this radical change.

0:04:12.596,0:04:16.576
You can also see that it's so[br]interesting, it says, mainly those diseases,

0:04:16.576,0:04:20.446
those inflammatory diseases, are[br]those from the Western Hemisphere.

0:04:20.446,0:04:24.206
So you look at the graph of[br][inaudible], look at Western Europe,

0:04:24.206,0:04:27.446
and Canada, and the United States.

0:04:27.446,0:04:31.956
And you see it's almost totally absent, or[br]much less in the other parts of the world.

0:04:32.306,0:04:35.466
You know, and you can even look at[br]a rate of their increase in autism,

0:04:35.466,0:04:37.356
you know, from very low to now very high.

0:04:37.356,0:04:43.466
It's true that some of this is more[br]powerful diagnostic ways of doing it.

0:04:43.466,0:04:48.456
We may recognize it when, in the past,[br]it was not recognized as a disorder,

0:04:48.456,0:04:50.776
but it also looks like a real phenomenon.

0:04:51.726,0:04:52.976
Okay?

0:04:53.046,0:04:56.226
And then you look at many[br]of the allergies we have.

0:04:56.226,0:05:00.026
You know, I just think, I keep thinking of[br]that, you know, I used to remember flying.

0:05:00.026,0:05:02.976
And when I flew, people would[br]be serving peanuts and nuts,

0:05:02.976,0:05:07.456
and the concept of having peanut allergy[br]just wasn't part of my awareness.

0:05:07.456,0:05:11.946
And if you ask your grandparents, when[br]they go back and think of their childhood,

0:05:11.946,0:05:15.866
and they were in school, how many of[br]them knew people who had allergies?

0:05:15.966,0:05:18.966
And many will say, maybe only one in 40.

0:05:18.966,0:05:24.256
Now our students, 1/3rd of us will say,[br]gosh, I have some reactivity emerge.

0:05:24.256,0:05:28.126
And it may be because we have[br]been changing our world so much.

0:05:28.126,0:05:33.366
We are now living away from[br]our evolutionary past.

0:05:33.366,0:05:35.896
You know, look at it, for[br]example, about hay fever.

0:05:35.896,0:05:42.196
Hay fever was first described in 1819, by John[br]Bostock, and, you know, and it occurred, really,

0:05:42.196,0:05:45.066
among people of higher class[br]and living in cities.

0:05:45.126,0:05:49.476
Part of it is that if you were a[br]farm child, or living in the farms,

0:05:49.476,0:05:55.006
you would be continually exposed to[br]these -- the materials from the hay,

0:05:55.006,0:05:58.706
and therefore you would not[br]develop this allergy.

0:05:58.706,0:06:03.336
And the similar phenomena seems to be it[br]has occurred for irritable bowel disease

0:06:03.336,0:06:10.726
and Crohn's disease, that was first[br]described in 1932 by Burrill Crohs, you know,

0:06:10.726,0:06:17.586
in which he described this necrotizing[br]inflammation, scarring of the intestines.

0:06:17.736,0:06:25.556
However, this disease clearly is associated[br]with social class, and wealth, and being more

0:06:25.556,0:06:28.916
and more removed from any part of nature.

0:06:29.056,0:06:32.066
It used to be one, literally, per 10,000.

0:06:32.066,0:06:34.056
Now it's even one per 200.

0:06:34.056,0:06:36.716
It's just shocking to think about it.

0:06:36.716,0:06:39.706
And then, why is it that[br]these have all increased?

0:06:39.706,0:06:44.586
I am not saying I know the answers at[br]all, but I'm looking at possible causes.

0:06:44.586,0:06:47.176
I don't think they can say it's genetics.

0:06:47.596,0:06:53.756
I think genetics, in many cases, we look at[br]that, and they can find a genetic, you know,

0:06:53.756,0:07:00.956
link that is clear, but in most cases, genetics,[br]you know, only provides the possibility,

0:07:01.246,0:07:06.336
you know, and it's the environment[br]that it pulls the trigger to expose it.

0:07:06.336,0:07:12.296
So you may have a genetic[br]predisposition to gain weight, and thereby,

0:07:12.296,0:07:15.026
potentially get more type two diabetes.

0:07:15.026,0:07:19.526
But if you don't eat the foods that[br]do this, you most likely won't get it.

0:07:19.526,0:07:24.606
Okay? So look at over the last 30 years,[br]we have now increased in allergies.

0:07:24.606,0:07:26.076
And how come all this may occur?

0:07:26.076,0:07:28.176
Well, there are many factors.

0:07:28.176,0:07:29.516
I'm only listing a few.

0:07:29.516,0:07:33.266
I'm sure many of you can add many more,[br]and they are all probably correct.

0:07:33.266,0:07:35.556
It is very difficult to identify that.

0:07:35.556,0:07:40.776
Because if you do animal studies, you know,[br]we're not totally, totally the same as animals.

0:07:40.776,0:07:44.886
We still getting the same foods,[br]and so it is not totally the same.

0:07:45.126,0:07:46.636
There are hints at least.

0:07:46.636,0:07:48.436
Well, let's just list a few.

0:07:48.436,0:07:54.046
One, it's during pregnancy, the fetus experience[br]either a kind of, I'll call malnutrition,

0:07:54.046,0:07:56.686
but it's [inaudible] malnutrition[br]in the Western world,

0:07:56.686,0:08:02.966
but it really means probably[br]inappropriate amount of essential nutrients,

0:08:02.966,0:08:06.096
or an exposure to endocrine[br]dysregulating chemicals.

0:08:06.096,0:08:11.196
These are all the plastics, the these[br]are all the pesticides, herbicides,

0:08:11.196,0:08:13.596
and the many things we ingest without knowing,

0:08:13.816,0:08:21.236
which in fact act as endocrine[br]in our system's dysregulation.

0:08:21.846,0:08:27.986
Then because of finance, in many cases,[br]socioeconomic inequality, during the first year

0:08:27.986,0:08:32.386
of life, we don't allow babies[br]to breastfeed and bond,

0:08:32.576,0:08:37.046
and possibly to concurrent[br]malnutrition by giving formula.

0:08:37.046,0:08:41.516
And by giving formula, you also[br]miss the transmission of immune --

0:08:41.516,0:08:45.596
appropriate immune cells, which you[br]have gotten from the breast milk.

0:08:46.336,0:08:52.076
And then during early childhood and life, we get[br]exposed to endocrine dysregulating substances.

0:08:52.076,0:08:55.936
The plastics which are all[br]exposed to often act as estrogens.

0:08:55.936,0:09:00.286
The pesticides, the herbicides, they[br]all may affect our immune system.

0:09:00.286,0:09:03.016
You know, then we have this[br]massive exposure to antibiotics.

0:09:03.016,0:09:05.136
Antibiotics are great.

0:09:05.136,0:09:08.216
I mean, gosh, if you have bacterial[br]infection, you're going to die,

0:09:08.216,0:09:10.896
please get the appropriate antibiotic.

0:09:10.896,0:09:14.336
However, in so many cases,[br]it's used inappropriately.

0:09:14.336,0:09:22.016
And what antibiotics do do is they basically[br]remove or kill whole groups of bacteria,

0:09:22.016,0:09:24.546
which are which are essential for our health.

0:09:24.766,0:09:27.176
So in fact, we have an impoverished human biome.

0:09:27.176,0:09:33.436
And then we have excessive hygiene by which,[br]in many ways, we are no longer exposed

0:09:33.506,0:09:39.576
to some viruses or bacteria, which[br]in the past, would have immunized us.

0:09:39.576,0:09:43.026
And we see this now coming[br]up in the post-pandemic,

0:09:43.026,0:09:47.446
that many people have been separated from[br]each other, and now when we meet again,

0:09:47.446,0:09:49.996
all of a sudden, we have an increase in flus.

0:09:49.996,0:09:51.146
There's nothing new to this.

0:09:51.146,0:09:56.016
This has been observed before in[br]the expeditions to the Antarctica.

0:09:56.016,0:09:59.996
When people in the Antarctica would go, a[br]scientist, they would then be living there.

0:09:59.996,0:10:02.546
And then the Antarctica winter would occur.

0:10:02.546,0:10:05.396
They would now have no new people meeting them.

0:10:05.396,0:10:08.096
And first upon -- when they[br]first got it together,

0:10:08.236,0:10:10.336
there were a number of flus and illnesses.

0:10:10.336,0:10:12.006
Now they were all exposed.

0:10:12.006,0:10:13.976
No new bacteria came in.

0:10:14.066,0:10:17.506
And for the next six months, or however[br]much time it is, none of them got sick.

0:10:17.506,0:10:23.646
People did get sick of other diseases, but not[br]of bacterial or viral infections, basically.

0:10:23.646,0:10:26.746
And then the first visitor came, and all

0:10:26.746,0:10:29.546
of a sudden people would get[br]their colds or flus again.

0:10:30.046,0:10:34.386
So by not being exposed, we[br]put ourselves more at risk.

0:10:34.526,0:10:39.516
And then our lifestyle, in a[br]way, has really shifted so much.

0:10:39.516,0:10:42.266
You know, we're so much -- we sit so much.

0:10:42.356,0:10:45.306
We have so much lack of movement.

0:10:45.306,0:10:49.156
We have lights that interfere,[br]in fact, with our health.

0:10:49.156,0:10:55.866
Light at night, for example, may --[br]maybe -- may affect, not only may,

0:10:55.866,0:11:00.486
does affect our diurnal rhythms,[br]our daily rhythms, because light,

0:11:00.486,0:11:04.096
especially a blue component of[br]light, tends to suppress melatonin.

0:11:04.096,0:11:11.146
And it's one of the factors people have[br]hypothesized is why young girls are developing

0:11:11.176,0:11:16.616
earlier menarche, meaning the first menstruation[br]occur, because they have lights on at night,

0:11:16.616,0:11:22.546
which disturbs their biological rhythms,[br]as well as increased weight and fat.

0:11:22.546,0:11:24.246
There are many other factors.

0:11:24.246,0:11:27.526
Okay? But overall, you could[br]argue that a number of these kind

0:11:27.526,0:11:31.216
of newer illnesses are the[br]result of our lifestyle.

0:11:31.216,0:11:37.136
Namely, we have disrespected our evolutionary[br]origins without realizing that we are part

0:11:37.136,0:11:42.616
of this intrinsic web, that includes diet,[br]movement, parasites, biological rhythms,

0:11:42.616,0:11:47.786
bacteria, you name it, viruses,[br]they're all part of us.

0:11:47.786,0:11:53.846
And in many cases, some -- or in many[br]cases, dysfunction can be reversed,

0:11:53.846,0:11:59.066
or maybe even prevented, by respecting[br]and returning to our evolutionary origins.

0:11:59.066,0:12:03.106
The data is overwhelmed that people, for[br]example, who get up and do significant amount

0:12:03.106,0:12:06.446
of movement, tend to have[br]less cardiovascular disease.

0:12:06.446,0:12:10.526
Notice that's a dysfunction[br]which can be reversed.

0:12:10.736,0:12:15.786
Eating less sugar and simple carbohydrates,[br]which is not part of our evolutionary past,

0:12:15.786,0:12:19.536
would mean that they would not develop[br]type two diabetes, or much less likely.

0:12:19.536,0:12:22.716
So in a way, it goes right back[br]to the simple rules of health,

0:12:22.716,0:12:25.276
which we described earlier by Nassim Taleb.

0:12:25.576,0:12:30.066
Anything that was not part of our[br]evolutionary past is probably harmful.

0:12:30.166,0:12:32.336
I want to underline it again.

0:12:32.336,0:12:36.446
Anything that was novel, and not part of[br]our evolutionary past is probably harmful.

0:12:36.446,0:12:40.816
And probably, we don't need[br]evidence of harm to claim that a drug

0:12:40.816,0:12:46.616
or any unnatural procedure is dangerous,[br]even if that harm does not yet exist.

0:12:46.616,0:12:53.366
Therefore, the easiest way to optimize health[br]is to remove what he would call via negativity,

0:12:53.366,0:12:55.786
remove the unnatural, the unfamiliar.

0:12:56.526,0:12:58.646
You know, just think of reducing lung cancer,

0:12:58.646,0:13:03.066
which is what people have demonstrated very[br]clearly, by stopping smoking, which is pollution

0:13:03.066,0:13:05.776
and the irritation of the airways.

0:13:06.196,0:13:09.766
All of a sudden, lung cancer is[br]decreased, and a number of other illnesses.

0:13:09.766,0:13:14.486
Although right now, we are seeing an[br]increased epidemic of the use of e-cigarettes,

0:13:15.396,0:13:19.036
which will again lead to a future epidemic.

0:13:19.036,0:13:23.436
Okay, remember, from an evolutionary[br]perspective, let me outline, genes survive

0:13:23.436,0:13:27.166
and prosper if their reproductive[br]fitness increases.

0:13:27.896,0:13:32.996
And the changes in our external environment[br]continually impacts the natural selection

0:13:32.996,0:13:36.136
of genes, named reproductive fitness.

0:13:36.136,0:13:40.646
Novel and increased inputs[br]reduces our reproductive fitness,

0:13:40.646,0:13:42.696
they could say, act as an allostatic load.

0:13:42.886,0:13:48.886
And nature and natural selection favors those[br]mutations, those genes, those behaviors,

0:13:48.886,0:13:53.316
that enhance the reproductive fitness[br]with these novel stimuli, therefore by --

0:13:53.436,0:13:55.116
thereby reduce the allostatic load.

0:13:55.216,0:13:59.636
And you keep in mind that that is[br]especially true for younger people,

0:13:59.876,0:14:04.586
and people, you know, in their 20s and 30s.

0:14:04.586,0:14:08.046
But once you have given birth,[br]or an older adult, remember,

0:14:08.046,0:14:09.616
you're not going to reproduce anymore.

0:14:09.616,0:14:15.676
So then those illness that have much -- are much[br]less affected by this evolutionary perspective.

0:14:15.676,0:14:19.656
So I would not expect that[br]Alzheimer's is impacted by this,

0:14:19.656,0:14:21.636
because there's no natural selection.

0:14:21.766,0:14:23.176
We have already reproduced.

0:14:23.286,0:14:26.696
Okay? But remember to underline this again.

0:14:26.696,0:14:28.156
Natural selections.

0:14:28.416,0:14:33.556
Individuals best adapted to their surrounds[br]enjoy increased reproductive success.

0:14:33.556,0:14:38.306
They pass on the traits, adaptive versus even[br]maladaptive, or neutral, to their descendants,

0:14:38.306,0:14:42.556
who gradually consider a greater[br]proportion of the, of the population.

0:14:42.946,0:14:48.196
Remember, we carry this imprint[br]of our biological heritage in us.

0:14:48.646,0:14:54.976
So it's useful to say how and what were we[br]doing earlier on that allowed us to be us now?

0:14:54.976,0:14:58.756
And now, I want to underline this even more.

0:14:59.456,0:15:01.776
But this is very important.

0:15:01.776,0:15:02.976
That's habitat selection.

0:15:03.346,0:15:06.276
We are wired for whatever[br]habitat we are involved in.

0:15:06.926,0:15:11.366
Biologists, who study animals in the wild,[br]describe this as "habitat selection theory".

0:15:11.366,0:15:16.346
And the general rule is that animals who[br]are in their natural habitat do much better.

0:15:16.346,0:15:21.276
They thrive, both physically, and[br]psychologically, and social behavior compared

0:15:21.276,0:15:24.796
to animals that are placed in[br]unnatural habitat, such as a zoo.

0:15:24.796,0:15:29.556
They most likely evolved in the forest of[br]Africa without the presence of digital displays.

0:15:29.556,0:15:32.186
And so by just sitting in front of[br]digital displays the whole time,

0:15:32.186,0:15:37.476
or just sitting the whole time, we[br]probably are reducing our health.

0:15:37.476,0:15:44.226
And people have called sitting the -- you know,[br]our -- the new epidemic of smoking, basically.

0:15:44.226,0:15:50.146
And what I've said many times before is that[br]genetics only loads the gun, but our behavior

0:15:50.146,0:15:52.196
and environment pulls the trigger.

0:15:52.196,0:15:54.186
And I like that phrase a lot.

0:15:54.186,0:16:01.186
So let me look at it -- give an example how our[br]environment may cause us to develop illness.

0:16:01.236,0:16:05.716
This is called, the concept is[br]evolutionary or ecological traps.

0:16:05.856,0:16:08.246
Evolutionary/ecological traps occur

0:16:08.246,0:16:14.256
when formally adaptive habitat preference[br]become maladaptive, meaning they become harmful,

0:16:14.256,0:16:19.076
because the cues the individually preferentially[br]used in selecting habitat may now lead

0:16:19.076,0:16:22.026
to lower fitness than other alternatives.

0:16:22.026,0:16:27.526
It means that whatever adaptive[br]habits of preference we evolve for,

0:16:27.566,0:16:31.406
and now we allow that to happen[br]too much, it may lead to illness.

0:16:31.406,0:16:34.226
But let me give a remarkable example of this.

0:16:34.226,0:16:38.086
This is the birds in the[br]Pacific called the "albatross".

0:16:38.086,0:16:41.456
And when you go to Midway[br]Island, it's just shocking.

0:16:41.456,0:16:45.926
In Midway -- on Midway Island, you see[br]these many carcasses of these birds.

0:16:45.926,0:16:47.156
You can see the skeletons.

0:16:47.156,0:16:48.046
You can see the feather.

0:16:48.466,0:16:52.716
And you see the -- what was left[br]over in a gastrointestinal tract.

0:16:52.716,0:16:54.666
Look at all the pieces of plastic.

0:16:54.666,0:16:55.446
How was that?

0:16:55.746,0:16:58.226
How come? And so many are dying.

0:16:58.776,0:17:03.796
Well, think of the albatross going[br]over the ocean from Midway there.

0:17:03.896,0:17:08.686
That's an island which is 2,000[br]miles away from any other islands.

0:17:08.786,0:17:11.816
And the bird lives, you know, eats the fish.

0:17:11.816,0:17:14.586
So it goes -- it is flying over the ocean.

0:17:14.586,0:17:16.716
It sees some shimmering in the water.

0:17:16.716,0:17:18.366
It looks like a fish.

0:17:18.366,0:17:22.126
And those birds, through evolution,[br]who you know, who have adapted,

0:17:22.126,0:17:25.086
and could identify this the[br]quickest and the most.

0:17:25.086,0:17:28.786
They would then dive, they[br]would eat it, swallow it,

0:17:28.786,0:17:32.216
and then possibly regurgitate[br]it to their chicks.

0:17:32.216,0:17:38.686
Now, however, that same shimmering in the[br]water now is our small pieces of plastic,

0:17:38.686,0:17:43.586
which are coated, also, by the algae, so it[br]has some of the similar outer taste initially.

0:17:43.756,0:17:50.886
So now what happens is the birds now take[br]this plastic, and swallow it as food.

0:17:50.886,0:17:56.736
Now, do we say these birds are stupid, or are[br]we at fault that we have created this world

0:17:56.736,0:18:02.176
where these birds, we made such a radical[br]shift, so these birds were evolved to --

0:18:02.176,0:18:07.096
to be able to see that shimmering, they[br]would then go at it, and now, they would die.

0:18:08.746,0:18:13.456
And that is a very, you know,[br]it looks really challenging.

0:18:13.616,0:18:20.896
And as Professor E.O. Wilson stated, "Organisms,[br]when housed in unfit habitats, undergo social,

0:18:20.896,0:18:23.476
psychological and physiological breakdown."

0:18:23.476,0:18:27.536
Here, then you see that the[br]habitat radically changed.

0:18:27.536,0:18:34.056
The animal still is wired to[br]find that shimmering object

0:18:34.056,0:18:37.416
as food, but now it's no longer food.

0:18:38.926,0:18:41.946
I want to keep this down because our weak --

0:18:41.946,0:18:46.166
our other evolutionary or environmental[br]traps are there for people today.

0:18:46.166,0:18:50.286
You know, just if you look at a piece[br]of paper, think of things that may --

0:18:50.476,0:18:57.086
you may be doing, which you automatically[br]do, but it basically are triggered

0:18:57.086,0:19:00.776
by the environment because you[br]have evolved for that to respond.

0:19:02.086,0:19:03.466
Pause -- I'll pause.

0:19:03.466,0:19:04.346
I won't pause.

0:19:04.346,0:19:07.046
Pause the computer for writing[br]down, and let's check it out.

0:19:07.046,0:19:07.926
Let me just think a few.

0:19:08.046,0:19:11.286
One, we react to cues of food, automatically.

0:19:11.286,0:19:12.956
We see food, we may become hungry.

0:19:12.956,0:19:15.036
We smell it, we become hungry.

0:19:15.036,0:19:16.366
We -- you know, automatically.

0:19:16.426,0:19:17.166
Well, why?

0:19:17.166,0:19:19.336
Because we need food for survival.

0:19:20.456,0:19:26.256
You know, for millions of years, probably,[br]you know, food was only challenging.

0:19:26.256,0:19:27.776
We always had to hunt for food.

0:19:28.516,0:19:33.006
Therefore, we have really no[br]mechanisms easily to stop eating.

0:19:33.006,0:19:35.766
And this is especially true for sugars.

0:19:35.766,0:19:40.486
Almost all foods that that are[br]sweet are usually not poisonous.

0:19:40.796,0:19:47.006
Yes, I knew that -- know that the paint that,[br]you know, lead paint, is sweet when you chew it,

0:19:47.356,0:19:48.926
the pikas [phonetic] that it's called.

0:19:48.926,0:19:50.736
However, that's that rare things.

0:19:50.736,0:19:56.566
Most other things in nature that[br]are sweet are -- represent calories.

0:19:56.566,0:20:00.256
Therefore, we want to eat them, because[br]we need the calories for survival,

0:20:00.396,0:20:02.636
and we don't have an off switch easily.

0:20:02.636,0:20:04.576
The same thing will be true for fats.

0:20:05.206,0:20:11.846
So we are -- when the cue of food is shown to[br]us, we react to eat, want to eat, or hunger.

0:20:11.846,0:20:13.616
And I'll show that in a moment.

0:20:14.326,0:20:17.876
Okay? And the similar part[br]is, I think, for reproduction.

0:20:17.926,0:20:22.386
You know, we, you know, that's[br]probably the drive for pornography is

0:20:22.386,0:20:27.376
such is probably the biggest bandwidth on the[br]Internet, because there are cues, which said,

0:20:27.376,0:20:31.936
ah, survival that leads to, maybe[br]because, you know, for reproduction.

0:20:32.026,0:20:35.686
And then we have all the cues[br]around us for protection.

0:20:35.686,0:20:39.676
We remember our -- we're historically prey.

0:20:40.256,0:20:44.176
There were other animals that saw us for[br]food, so we always had to be very careful.

0:20:44.246,0:20:46.296
We had to look around and be vigilant.

0:20:46.296,0:20:47.976
We still all are.

0:20:49.036,0:20:54.136
And now, however, all those cues, which[br]-- of sounds, of changing objects around,

0:20:54.136,0:20:59.426
cause us to react all the time, and[br]where -- which captures our attention.

0:21:00.056,0:21:03.026
You know, no wonder we tend to[br]get addicted to computer games.

0:21:03.026,0:21:08.206
Once we sit, and we watch one -- you[br]know, we start to watch a Netflix series.

0:21:08.206,0:21:12.556
Automatically, we keep sitting there,[br]and then the next sequence pops up,

0:21:12.556,0:21:15.906
and we don't change because[br]we're captured by it.

0:21:15.906,0:21:20.936
And then, for survival, in[br]small groups, for in clans,

0:21:20.936,0:21:26.586
we need to know who the power structure[br]was, because as we, you know, mature,

0:21:26.626,0:21:28.186
we want to be part of the power structure.

0:21:28.186,0:21:29.286
We don't want to be excluded.

0:21:29.286,0:21:30.406
We need to know what's going on.

0:21:30.406,0:21:34.116
So in some sense, you could say[br]that's our social media addiction.

0:21:34.596,0:21:38.156
You know, it's basic -- and[br]it's triggered that way.

0:21:38.156,0:21:41.166
And then our bodies really want to rest.

0:21:41.266,0:21:45.446
Why expend energy when there's not[br]enough energy you have, or calories?

0:21:45.446,0:21:47.556
So anytime you could rest, you would do it.

0:21:47.836,0:21:51.306
So that quickly leads to excess[br]sitting and lack of movement.

0:21:51.306,0:21:53.786
In the past, we didn't have to go to the gym.

0:21:53.786,0:21:55.226
We didn't have to go jogging.

0:21:55.476,0:22:00.736
Our whole world included that[br]physicalness, and so now our -- it doesn't.

0:22:01.166,0:22:03.566
And then there are many other things that occur.

0:22:03.566,0:22:04.976
Light. We want to be active.

0:22:04.976,0:22:06.046
We want to be involved.

0:22:06.046,0:22:10.886
However, light, artificial lights,[br]which keeps us awake, keeps us active,

0:22:10.886,0:22:16.136
also reduces our rest, interferes with[br]melatonin, affects our circadian rhythms,

0:22:16.456,0:22:25.386
etc. And then the final piece is, from my[br]perspective, the brain cannot, I would say,

0:22:25.386,0:22:30.596
discriminate between actual[br]and visual auditory images.

0:22:30.896,0:22:39.106
So when we watch a film in front of[br]us, for our brain, this is really real.

0:22:39.706,0:22:44.006
I know you -- we all would say,[br]yes, I know it's a, it is a drama.

0:22:44.006,0:22:44.846
It's a play.

0:22:44.846,0:22:45.746
It isn't real.

0:22:45.746,0:22:53.556
And yet, for our body, this the first time[br]in our evolutionary past, well, really,

0:22:53.556,0:22:58.576
since cameras were, you know, since[br]you could do film in late 19th century,

0:22:58.756,0:23:03.146
then we could have a picture,[br]which was not real.

0:23:03.146,0:23:06.546
In the past, everything we saw was always real.

0:23:06.546,0:23:07.866
We could touch.

0:23:07.866,0:23:14.726
And so when things go into our eyes, our[br]brains say that's real, and we react this way.

0:23:14.726,0:23:20.986
And even though we may want to argue[br]that, I think most of you, if not all,

0:23:20.986,0:23:28.146
have had the experience that if you[br]watch a horror movie, or horrible scenes

0:23:28.146,0:23:30.806
where horrible things happen in a series.

0:23:30.806,0:23:32.636
And then you go outside, all of a sudden,

0:23:32.636,0:23:36.836
that little noise behind you[br]triggers a massive autonomic response,

0:23:36.836,0:23:38.526
in the past, that would not have done that.

0:23:39.316,0:23:44.466
Because we -- our bodies saw what[br]we saw in the film, we act as real.

0:23:44.466,0:23:49.836
And I think we have really underestimated[br]that -- how powerful that phenomena is.

0:23:50.046,0:23:53.526
And part of the reason we[br]have these -- we are --

0:23:54.216,0:23:59.716
we react all the time, is because[br]our commercial industry uses these --

0:23:59.846,0:24:06.636
these cues, which are really traps[br]for us to capture our eyeballs.

0:24:06.636,0:24:10.696
And that's the whole basis of our social[br]media, of all the many of the [inaudible].

0:24:10.696,0:24:13.256
It's really people don't[br]get paid for the content.

0:24:13.256,0:24:17.116
They get paid for our attention,[br]hijacking our attention.

0:24:17.116,0:24:24.926
And equally, for many industries, it is the[br]profit margin that doesn't ask is it healthy?

0:24:24.926,0:24:28.256
It just asks can we -- will you buy the object?

0:24:28.256,0:24:32.076
Just think of the, all the cereals,[br]with highlighting the sugar,

0:24:32.076,0:24:36.996
all the candies in front[br]of the counters, you know.

0:24:37.166,0:24:42.106
And do we then blame children[br]that they have no control?

0:24:42.106,0:24:48.896
So in a child, who is wired from an evolutionary[br]perspective for survival to eat more calories,

0:24:48.896,0:24:52.866
when it sees the sweets, it wants those.

0:24:55.136,0:25:01.936
Do we blame the child, or should we be blaming[br]the corporate culture, the world around us?

0:25:01.936,0:25:05.946
And maybe we really need to be[br]careful with this, and say, oops,

0:25:05.946,0:25:11.436
you may need to define that, and we may[br]need to set, you know, social constraints

0:25:11.436,0:25:15.356
that we don't trigger these[br]dysfunctional behaviors.

0:25:15.356,0:25:20.646
And remember, even watching pictures of food,[br]and smelling it, will activate your brain.

0:25:20.646,0:25:24.026
You know, it is most interesting.

0:25:24.026,0:25:25.646
I think I have a slide in that later.

0:25:25.646,0:25:26.026
Okay?

0:25:28.186,0:25:33.396
So the solutions really are that the society[br]may need to protect its own population

0:25:33.396,0:25:39.006
from the commercial exploitation of[br]these evolutionary, ecological traps.

0:25:39.006,0:25:41.006
Now this is a great, difficult discussion,

0:25:41.006,0:25:44.186
because we think of the freedom[br]of speech in a very broad sense.

0:25:44.566,0:25:46.606
But yes, I think it is a critical issue.

0:25:46.606,0:25:54.236
We cannot depend upon self-regulation[br]to reduce our sugar content in our Coke,

0:25:54.236,0:25:58.126
in our in our foods around us, or anything else.

0:25:58.226,0:26:01.386
And you can already see the[br]effect in human physiology

0:26:02.566,0:26:06.486
by having been exposed to[br]these environmental traps.

0:26:06.486,0:26:12.066
If you look at the brain wave activity,[br]the quantitative electroencephalograph,

0:26:12.066,0:26:18.046
the brain activity, the brains of[br]normal students today look more

0:26:18.046,0:26:23.076
like an ADHD student than 20 years ago.

0:26:23.076,0:26:28.816
If you look at the spine of young people today,[br]as colleagues of mine in Canada have observed

0:26:28.816,0:26:33.726
in the athletics department, that[br]compared to 20 years ago, the spines are --

0:26:33.726,0:26:36.836
the upper spine of these people[br]are slightly more cured for,

0:26:37.026,0:26:41.666
because our whole world is looking down at[br]our cell phone or looking at our screens.

0:26:41.666,0:26:46.906
The pandemic only, you know, accelerated[br]this trend that was already going on.

0:26:46.906,0:26:52.866
And then there are so many other qualities,[br]things that we have, increase of pesticides,

0:26:52.866,0:26:58.526
of plastics, of BPA, all of that[br]which may lead to pathology.

0:26:58.746,0:27:07.656
So we may need to control our -- our legal[br]system, the be exposure to protect ourselves.

0:27:07.656,0:27:08.706
It's a challenge.

0:27:08.706,0:27:12.416
Okay? But just for fun, let[br]me go back for a moment,

0:27:12.416,0:27:15.686
what I said about what you see[br]and smell affects your body.

0:27:15.966,0:27:20.436
The brain and visual system, remember, are[br]intimately linked to the acquisition of food.

0:27:20.436,0:27:22.216
It is necessary for survival.

0:27:23.216,0:27:27.836
And when we get an image of[br]food, and the smell of food,

0:27:27.836,0:27:30.976
our physiological, neurological changes respond.

0:27:31.526,0:27:35.256
Then it may even be a danger[br]in our growing exposure --

0:27:35.256,0:27:39.846
these beautifully presented images of foods,[br]which we do each time I go to Facebook --

0:27:39.846,0:27:43.206
to Facebook, or Instagram, or TikTok.

0:27:43.206,0:27:48.386
And I make a short video on TikTok about the[br]delicious food I'm eating, or I take a picture

0:27:48.386,0:27:50.756
and post it on Facebook or[br]Instagram on the food.

0:27:52.146,0:27:55.006
What happens is, it will[br]induce this in the person.

0:27:55.006,0:27:59.346
Here, I take the picture, and then I can look[br]at the brain, what happens to the person.

0:27:59.346,0:28:00.536
This is their work.

0:28:01.946,0:28:07.356
And you can see Wang et al, you can see that[br]if you show the food inside a, you know,

0:28:07.356,0:28:12.926
PET [inaudible] imaging, where you[br]can see how the blood flow goes

0:28:12.926,0:28:15.626
through the brain, basically, or metabolism.

0:28:15.716,0:28:21.316
Then you see, all of a sudden, that there's[br]a 24% increase in the brain metabolism

0:28:21.736,0:28:25.826
by just showing the images of[br]foods while lying in the scanner.

0:28:25.826,0:28:29.706
Now this is a very complicated study,[br]you know, they only saw the image.

0:28:29.706,0:28:31.076
They brought the smell in.

0:28:31.076,0:28:32.896
They put it on your tongue as well.

0:28:32.896,0:28:35.656
So it's a very -- it's -- it is a complex one.

0:28:35.656,0:28:42.016
However, imagine -- imagination[br]and seeing it affects physiology.

0:28:43.056,0:28:48.876
And so next time you sent that great meal to[br]your friend, you may be helping them to want

0:28:48.876,0:28:51.246
to eat more and increase their obesity.

0:28:51.706,0:28:55.846
So really, you know, our diet[br]and exercise do change it.

0:28:55.846,0:28:57.486
You've been sitting here for a little while now.

0:28:57.486,0:29:00.266
So just for a moment, once again, just get up.

0:29:00.686,0:29:01.966
Just get up and move.

0:29:02.366,0:29:03.636
I know, it's so hard.

0:29:03.636,0:29:05.706
But get up, just wiggle and move.

0:29:05.886,0:29:06.496
Just move.

0:29:06.666,0:29:07.366
I'm swinging.

0:29:07.436,0:29:08.136
I'm swinging.

0:29:08.446,0:29:10.416
I reach up, and then I look up.

0:29:10.416,0:29:12.576
I look up again, and I look up again.

0:29:12.626,0:29:21.576
I take a big breath, and then, and[br]I let my sit myself down again.

0:29:22.636,0:29:27.756
And just note it again, when you[br]have done that, note two things.

0:29:28.046,0:29:34.136
One, how hard it was to get up and do it,[br]how much we want to just keep sitting.

0:29:34.136,0:29:40.056
And two, that after you did it,[br]how your energy slightly went up.

0:29:40.056,0:29:46.186
Okay? So really, remember, what I want to point[br]out is health is living your evolutionary roots,

0:29:46.186,0:29:49.396
and whatever increases reproductive[br]fitness predominates.

0:29:49.396,0:29:53.356
And then remember our past,[br]that we are wired to be prey.

0:29:53.356,0:29:58.456
And finally, we start regenerating[br]when feel safe.

0:29:58.456,0:30:02.156
Okay. And if you look at that more,[br]it means you may look at diet.

0:30:02.156,0:30:04.036
We'll look at that much later in the semester.

0:30:04.036,0:30:08.286
But have a lot of greens,[br]tubers, nuts, organic foods.

0:30:08.636,0:30:16.206
And then we can see that the absence of some of[br]the vitamins may lead to significant illnesses.

0:30:16.206,0:30:18.126
And I'll talk about this in a moment.

0:30:18.246,0:30:23.346
The lack of Omega 3, which we now have massively[br]upped, because we mainly have Omega 6s,

0:30:23.346,0:30:27.316
because a massive amount of[br]corn products we eat, you know,

0:30:27.316,0:30:32.426
may inhibit embryological[br]development, increase eczema, others.

0:30:32.726,0:30:36.836
Well, folic acid, which is part of food[br]of healthy eating, a lot of veggies,

0:30:37.006,0:30:38.836
may increase the risk of spinal bifida.

0:30:39.296,0:30:42.646
And then we have all the cases where[br]people are no longer doing breastfeeding.

0:30:42.646,0:30:44.326
I'll talk about that in a moment.

0:30:44.366,0:30:47.516
That increases the risk of[br]Celiac disease and asthma.

0:30:47.516,0:30:51.126
And then we have the whole light/night,[br]melatonin suppression by light.

0:30:52.096,0:30:57.406
And then our relationship of[br]our bodies, bacteria, parasites.

0:30:57.406,0:31:01.796
And I'll talk about that in a moment,[br]like Crohn's disease, etc. Okay,

0:31:02.036,0:31:04.906
let me just see in detail[br]a little bit what happens

0:31:04.906,0:31:07.856
when you disregard your evolutionary background.

0:31:07.856,0:31:11.406
I'll go through the following[br]fairly quickly, living in isolation,

0:31:11.406,0:31:15.516
possibly formula versus breastfeeding,[br]or breastfeeding versus formula,

0:31:15.516,0:31:20.166
eating processed foods, or really being[br]-- having [inaudible] malnutrition.

0:31:20.166,0:31:25.296
Feeding an animal, a carnivore,[br]an herbivore diet.

0:31:25.296,0:31:27.906
Feeding an herbivore a carnivore diet.

0:31:27.906,0:31:31.716
Feeding rats milk protein, casein[br]that they have never been used to.

0:31:31.716,0:31:37.256
Possibly, how come we can get[br]food poisoning, etc., etc. Okay.

0:31:37.436,0:31:39.246
So let me first go back to isolation.

0:31:39.246,0:31:40.406
It's most interesting.

0:31:40.406,0:31:45.826
This was a study at Kaiser, which I really[br]liked, where they looked at the adults

0:31:45.826,0:31:50.236
without children, who contract[br]COVID-19, versus those who had children.

0:31:50.236,0:31:57.916
And notice that for equivalent ages, this[br]is before we were vaccinated, that adults,

0:31:57.916,0:32:00.506
who had now -- who are not[br]around little children,

0:32:01.766,0:32:04.746
were 49% were likely to be hospitalized.

0:32:04.746,0:32:10.586
And 76% were likely to have Intensive Care Unit[br]admissions, than infected adults of similar ages

0:32:10.586,0:32:13.106
and health histories, who[br]had young children at home.

0:32:13.546,0:32:15.636
This really is a very impressive data.

0:32:15.636,0:32:22.456
It suggests both social isolation is harmful,[br]or it really says, gosh, for all our evolution,

0:32:22.456,0:32:28.136
we lived in little clans, that included[br]grandparents, great grandparents, parents,

0:32:28.406,0:32:31.686
children, and even babies, and all together.

0:32:31.956,0:32:35.886
And what it -- but you could[br]possibly argue is that little babies

0:32:35.886,0:32:38.966
and toddlers continually have snotty noses.

0:32:38.966,0:32:40.496
They have flus.

0:32:40.496,0:32:45.256
And these are -- they're all by[br]different, in most cases, by viruses.

0:32:45.436,0:32:50.206
And by being exposed to that continuously[br]or episodically, we're getting a kind

0:32:50.206,0:32:57.096
of natural vaccination, and that may[br]then protect us from the COVID virus.

0:32:57.096,0:33:04.756
Because 30% of flus are Coronavirus,[br]which is in a similar family as the COVID.

0:33:05.876,0:33:10.536
So that's possibly -- and when we've[br]looked at what happened with COVID,

0:33:10.636,0:33:15.276
is that the greatest deaths occurred[br]with elderly, who were in in locations

0:33:15.276,0:33:18.886
where there were no little kids[br]around, and had comorbidities.

0:33:18.886,0:33:18.976
Okay.

0:33:19.476,0:33:22.126
But if we -- you know, let[br]me shift to different ones.

0:33:22.526,0:33:24.266
Reflect on the statement.

0:33:24.266,0:33:27.046
Thinking of the risk and[br]benefits of feeding a baby.

0:33:27.046,0:33:30.796
Formula is better because it allows[br]the mother to sleep and regenerate.

0:33:30.796,0:33:33.956
It evolves the partner in[br]the, in the baby's care.

0:33:34.386,0:33:36.286
Right? Pros and cons on that.

0:33:36.286,0:33:40.006
Just stop, and think about it.

0:33:40.006,0:33:45.856
Now, I'll argue a few reasons why maybe[br]breastfeeding is normal, natural and healthier.

0:33:45.856,0:33:51.146
And this data, I'll talk about, can be very[br]much criticized, because you could argue that,

0:33:51.146,0:33:55.606
by definition, people who can[br]breastfeed may be more affluent,

0:33:55.606,0:33:57.396
have different socioeconomic factors.

0:33:57.396,0:34:01.876
And then you control from those, the[br]risk, these data may slightly disappear.

0:34:02.546,0:34:08.236
Okay. But there's no way I can be[br]persuaded, from an evolutionary perspective,

0:34:08.236,0:34:14.066
and Pallop's [phonetic] perspective as well,[br]that a formula can be better than breastmilk,

0:34:14.226,0:34:18.976
unless there, obviously there's some[br]specific cases of sickness, or others.

0:34:19.616,0:34:25.576
Okay? But basically, the data is overwhelming[br]from this perspective, that children, babies,

0:34:25.576,0:34:30.236
who are breastfed, have a reduced risk[br]of asthma, obesity, type two diabetes,

0:34:30.236,0:34:33.626
ear and respiratory infections,[br]and sudden infant death syndrome.

0:34:34.266,0:34:37.406
It also, it lowers the mother's[br]risk of hypertension,

0:34:37.406,0:34:41.036
type two diabetes, ovarian and breast cancer.

0:34:41.036,0:34:47.166
You know, but it's so sad is that this is mainly[br]the chance of economic disparity, and in the US,

0:34:47.166,0:34:53.096
it's our public health policies, or public[br]policies which basically do not allow,

0:34:53.156,0:34:55.756
or give women time to breastfeed.

0:34:56.366,0:35:00.936
Namely, in some European countries, you can[br]have a year off or two years off, where,

0:35:00.936,0:35:05.826
after you give birth, you can be[br]at home and get your salary paid.

0:35:05.826,0:35:07.716
And I think we need to do that.

0:35:07.716,0:35:12.156
Basically in the US, what we want to do is[br]we want to not have costs at the beginning,

0:35:12.156,0:35:16.606
and then we're stuck with these[br]very high costs as we get older.

0:35:16.606,0:35:20.766
I would recommend we should do the[br]cost upfront, and support the women,

0:35:20.766,0:35:24.256
so their jobs are kept being[br]-- that they have equality

0:35:24.256,0:35:26.336
and they can go back to their job afterwards.

0:35:26.336,0:35:29.896
But if you look at the data,[br]the data is, I think, is clear.

0:35:30.636,0:35:34.996
Most children, most mothers, if[br]they can, in some cases you can't.

0:35:34.996,0:35:36.656
There's no harm in that.

0:35:36.656,0:35:37.786
You do the best one can do.

0:35:37.786,0:35:39.546
But in those cases, you can.

0:35:41.716,0:35:44.636
Most mothers want to breastfeed,[br]and try to continue to.

0:35:44.856,0:35:48.766
However, it's very difficult if[br]you go to work and then you have

0:35:48.766,0:35:50.666
to pump the breast, and do other things.

0:35:50.666,0:35:51.926
The system is just against us.

0:35:51.926,0:35:53.066
It's too much work.

0:35:53.066,0:35:55.906
And notice by, you know, after three months,

0:35:55.906,0:35:58.796
only half the baby is very[br]exclusive in breastfeeding.

0:35:58.796,0:36:04.846
And by 12 months, only 1/3rd, you know,[br]and most supplemented with formula.

0:36:04.846,0:36:07.596
The key is you don't want[br]to supplement with formula.

0:36:07.806,0:36:10.796
At best, what you do is you[br]want to breastfeed continuously,

0:36:10.796,0:36:15.816
and keep supplementing other foods,[br]enter other foods continually to it,

0:36:15.816,0:36:19.236
then you also reduce a massive[br]rate of any allergies to food.

0:36:19.236,0:36:23.066
The data is clear that if[br]you do both at the same time,

0:36:23.666,0:36:26.316
then there's very low allergy rates to foods.

0:36:26.506,0:36:29.316
However, in the United States,[br]this is really an issue

0:36:29.316,0:36:33.066
of economic disparity, and to me, it's immoral.

0:36:33.066,0:36:37.006
But the quick summaries, and I'll give[br]some data on these for the mother.

0:36:37.006,0:36:42.076
It distinctly reduces the breast cancer risk,[br]reduces stress, enhanced bonding for the baby,

0:36:42.076,0:36:46.796
hence, its body reduces allergy, reduces[br]obesity, probably enhances immune function.

0:36:46.796,0:36:52.676
But look, for the mother in detail, if you study[br]breast cancer for 10 years after pregnancy,

0:36:53.166,0:37:00.296
then you see those who, who had 34 more weeks[br]of breastfeeding had a cancer risk drop by 13%.

0:37:00.296,0:37:04.756
You know, and there is distinct, and[br]this is probably much higher than that

0:37:04.756,0:37:07.506
if that one gives birth in your early 20s.

0:37:07.506,0:37:11.146
This is a consensus of early[br]first birth, an increased number

0:37:11.146,0:37:12.536
of full-term birth are associated

0:37:12.536,0:37:15.576
with significantly long-term[br]reduction of breast cancer risks.

0:37:16.426,0:37:21.596
Okay? And I think this is really[br]something we don't talk about.

0:37:21.746,0:37:25.146
And for the benefits, for the baby,[br]as a group, and again, like I said,

0:37:25.146,0:37:32.036
the data is very difficult, because this is[br]so confusing by socioeconomic inequalities,

0:37:32.176,0:37:35.776
babies who are breastfed have higher[br]IQs as adults than formula fed.

0:37:36.196,0:37:40.616
You know, the people born in 1920s[br]and 30s, who are breastfed as babies,

0:37:40.616,0:37:44.066
achieve significantly upward[br]mobility, and they were in their 60s

0:37:44.066,0:37:46.726
and 70s, compared to formula fed babies.

0:37:46.726,0:37:50.886
Men and women, who were part[br]of this study in 1937, '39,

0:37:50.886,0:37:53.786
had a 50% reduction developing celiac disease.

0:37:53.786,0:37:55.796
That seems to be very common.

0:37:55.796,0:38:00.986
So as if, by being breastfed, and then[br]slowly adding food to it, you don't --

0:38:00.986,0:38:04.166
you can, you can continue[br]to be able to eat glutens,

0:38:04.166,0:38:09.926
and not develop celiac disease,[br]compared to breastfed babies.

0:38:09.926,0:38:15.816
And formula-fed babies are fatter[br]as children, and skinnier as adults.

0:38:15.816,0:38:17.426
I'm going to underline that.

0:38:17.426,0:38:20.086
And formula babies are fatter as babies --

0:38:20.086,0:38:22.856
I'm sorry, and as children[br]and adults, they're skinnier.

0:38:22.856,0:38:23.696
That's an error there.

0:38:23.696,0:38:28.786
Okay. But remember, the formula are[br]incomplete for the first couple of months.

0:38:28.786,0:38:33.436
It doesn't have all the appropriate fatty acid,[br]which are necessary for neural development.

0:38:33.436,0:38:38.386
Although, after a while, the brain will[br]replace it's all -- our body replaces itself,

0:38:38.386,0:38:43.566
so that we can all do it, but it still[br]means that for the first four months,

0:38:43.846,0:38:49.436
the baby is getting basically inappropriate[br]products, as well as all the immune cells,

0:38:49.436,0:38:53.346
and other things it gets from[br]the mother via the breastmilk.

0:38:53.346,0:38:58.626
And then, even when mother is very conscientious[br]about pumping milk, and sharing this,

0:38:58.626,0:39:03.816
and it's just great that can be done, that the[br]milk is different at different times of day.

0:39:03.816,0:39:07.436
So when the mother is going to sleep,[br]the breastmilk has a different quality,

0:39:07.436,0:39:10.706
has different substances, which[br]allows the baby to go to sleep more,

0:39:10.706,0:39:12.776
and the same thing in the morning.

0:39:13.516,0:39:16.036
And now what happens when you[br]mix things up for the baby?

0:39:16.036,0:39:17.606
So life is more complex.

0:39:18.806,0:39:21.806
And remember, babies, who are fed[br]formula, maybe a slight disadvantage.

0:39:21.806,0:39:23.186
I've already looked at that.

0:39:23.226,0:39:27.966
Babies born in 1970, and formula fed, are[br]twice likely to have neurological problems

0:39:27.966,0:39:32.076
at age nine, as compared to exclusive[br]breastfed for the first three weeks.

0:39:32.156,0:39:37.296
Premature babies who are formula fed achieve[br]significant lower IQ store scores at age eight

0:39:37.296,0:39:40.146
than premature babies who are breastfed.

0:39:40.146,0:39:42.576
Is this due to the breastfed milk?

0:39:42.576,0:39:44.276
The absence of body contact?

0:39:44.276,0:39:47.506
Is it due because by having the[br]privilege to be able to breastfeed,

0:39:47.506,0:39:50.746
it means you're already in[br]a more upper social class?

0:39:50.746,0:39:52.556
There are many of those, you know.

0:39:52.556,0:39:57.396
And I can keep going on these if you[br]look at formula, maternal milk is better

0:39:57.396,0:39:59.196
than formula for pre-term babies.

0:39:59.196,0:40:01.346
That data is quite good.

0:40:01.346,0:40:05.266
Okay? And then finally, which is the[br]most interesting part when you think

0:40:05.266,0:40:13.846
of the evolutionary perspective, it[br]isn't only the baby at this point.

0:40:13.846,0:40:16.076
We need to also think of the epigenetics.

0:40:16.076,0:40:18.466
And I'm not going to talk[br]about that today, or much.

0:40:18.466,0:40:26.446
But remember that the mother, the[br]pregnant mother's lifestyle has an impact

0:40:26.446,0:40:30.726
on the fetal -- fetus development.

0:40:30.726,0:40:38.046
If the mother is anxious, is stressed, taking[br]drugs, takes alcohol, it affects the development

0:40:38.046,0:40:40.676
of the baby, and that is a[br]burden the baby will carry.

0:40:40.816,0:40:44.476
However, it gets even more[br]significant that, in fact,

0:40:44.476,0:40:49.156
the sense that people say illnesses[br]skip a generation, they're sort of right

0:40:49.156,0:40:52.966
in a very funny way, because[br]a pregnant mother, woman,

0:40:52.966,0:40:57.616
impacts her baby, but also[br]her future grandchild.

0:40:58.226,0:41:04.286
Because the little fetus that's[br]developing, all the fetus's eggs,

0:41:04.286,0:41:10.226
that are developing during the time it's a[br]fetus, are impacted by the, by the mother.

0:41:10.226,0:41:14.326
And it means that when that --[br]the child becomes the mother,

0:41:14.696,0:41:18.806
its eggs are also have already[br]been shaped by her mother.

0:41:18.806,0:41:21.686
So the grandmother, in fact, impacts the mother.

0:41:21.686,0:41:24.546
And once you look at that, you[br]can really see how we do --

0:41:24.976,0:41:27.926
how our past transcends into the future.

0:41:28.566,0:41:33.056
And then let's look at totally about[br]some whole other areas, about foods.

0:41:33.056,0:41:44.536
And I cannot say enough about how, I would say[br]how bad, we know anyways, the US food supply is.

0:41:44.896,0:41:46.596
"Bad" as the wrong word to use.

0:41:46.596,0:41:49.876
How unnutritious [phonetic] in any way it is.

0:41:49.876,0:41:52.556
It's remarkable that we get plenty of calories,

0:41:52.556,0:41:55.336
and that's very important[br]if you don't have calories.

0:41:55.336,0:42:02.476
However, we are now becoming a world of[br]malnutrition, [inaudible] malnutrition.

0:42:02.926,0:42:07.366
And we often spend lots of money,[br]time, on foods that are not nutritious.

0:42:07.366,0:42:11.916
Here's a single case study, as[br]we're about to look out for fun.

0:42:11.916,0:42:13.656
If you drink 10 cokes a day for a month.

0:42:13.656,0:42:19.026
Now, it's not a study, it's a case report,[br]but I think it makes perfect sense.

0:42:19.026,0:42:25.136
When you drink a can, a 12-ounce can of[br]Coke, you're drinking 39 grams of sugar.

0:42:25.136,0:42:26.106
Now, that's a lot.

0:42:26.106,0:42:27.846
What happens?

0:42:27.846,0:42:32.176
Outcome after one month,[br]increased weight by 23 pounds.

0:42:32.656,0:42:34.826
Insulin levels, the person became prediabetic.

0:42:34.826,0:42:36.286
Blood pressure's increased.

0:42:36.286,0:42:39.296
The body fat increased by 9%.

0:42:39.296,0:42:43.516
And this equal -- and later on, a Harvard[br]study has also shown this drinking one can

0:42:43.516,0:42:48.616
of soda can lead to a five-pound[br]weight gain in the year.

0:42:48.616,0:42:53.926
And also drinking soda daily is so linked[br]to early death and increased likelihood

0:42:53.926,0:42:55.466
of having a heart attack or stroke.

0:42:55.466,0:43:00.406
It's also linked in women with an increase[br]in osteoporosis, even with athletes.

0:43:01.046,0:43:05.336
Okay. So I'm not recommending[br]drinking Cokes by definition.

0:43:05.336,0:43:10.596
But just when we don't listen to our[br]evolutionary diet, or background,

0:43:10.596,0:43:13.876
and we now do changes, it may backfire on us.

0:43:13.876,0:43:18.876
And I'm going to use a few -- I'm[br]going to give three examples of this.

0:43:18.876,0:43:23.976
You can think of many more, but I'm trying[br]to think of a way of thinking about this.

0:43:23.976,0:43:27.496
Okay. So what I look for is, when[br]you feed carnivores a herbivore diet,

0:43:27.496,0:43:30.076
or you feed herbivores a carnivore diet,

0:43:30.076,0:43:33.936
and when you feed rats foods they were[br]totally unfamiliar with in their history.

0:43:33.936,0:43:37.266
So that's allostatic load.

0:43:37.366,0:43:40.826
Okay? This goes back to 1985.

0:43:41.236,0:43:43.196
This is in the US zoos.

0:43:43.276,0:43:44.956
Cheetahs were not doing well.

0:43:44.956,0:43:46.706
They had many deaths.

0:43:46.756,0:43:47.816
Only 18 births.

0:43:47.816,0:43:48.506
Seven died.

0:43:48.506,0:43:51.116
Sixty % of Cheetahs had liver damage.

0:43:51.236,0:43:54.286
Only 10% of females produced cubs.

0:43:54.286,0:43:56.076
You could argue, well, they[br]-- because they're in a zoo.

0:43:56.366,0:43:58.766
It worked out it's not the[br]case, because in the zoos

0:43:58.766,0:44:00.666
in South Africa, the cheetahs were doing well.

0:44:00.666,0:44:04.206
Remember, the cheetahs are about the[br]fastest animals in the world, you know.

0:44:05.186,0:44:09.706
And so they had -- but in South[br]African zoos, they had no problem.

0:44:09.706,0:44:13.466
Why? Well, what does, what[br]is the food we're feeding?

0:44:13.466,0:44:18.006
Who knows what it totally is, but what[br]the major factors appear to be the diet

0:44:18.006,0:44:23.256
of cheetah's health in South African -- in[br]South Africa, the cheetahs ate all carcasses,

0:44:23.256,0:44:28.216
whole meat, just like they did[br]for their evolutionary past.

0:44:28.216,0:44:30.516
In the US, the cheetahs decide[br]to eat commercial,

0:44:30.516,0:44:32.766
prepared cat food because it's much cheaper.

0:44:32.766,0:44:33.536
That was horsemeat.

0:44:33.536,0:44:34.066
That's okay.

0:44:34.066,0:44:38.346
But they include a lot of soybean[br]products, are added for protein.

0:44:39.366,0:44:43.946
Soy contains daidzein and genistein,[br]which acts as weak estrogens.

0:44:44.036,0:44:48.806
And estrogens can affect liver, and increase[br]the size of uterus, possibly also carcinogenic

0:44:48.806,0:44:52.826
in excessive, if you're estrogen-sensitive[br]for breast cancer patients.

0:44:53.926,0:44:56.816
What is so interesting, when[br]they got rid of the soy,

0:44:56.816,0:45:02.226
and they gave the animals only meat their health[br]improved, and their fertility improved again.

0:45:02.226,0:45:04.826
I'm not saying that eating[br]soy causes this at all

0:45:04.826,0:45:08.146
in human beings, because we are not carnivores.

0:45:08.146,0:45:09.016
We are omnivores.

0:45:09.016,0:45:17.306
Although, I have my questions[br]about, you know, non-organic.

0:45:17.306,0:45:19.686
So I would not quite recommend that.

0:45:20.046,0:45:21.426
But then look at the opposite one.

0:45:22.126,0:45:27.116
This is the Mad Cow Disease episode[br]that occurred about 20, 25 years ago.

0:45:27.316,0:45:29.816
And this was -- happened mainly in Britain.

0:45:29.816,0:45:35.386
And what happened is that the animals[br]developed something called "Mad Cow Disease",

0:45:35.576,0:45:42.436
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy,[br]essentially degenerating brain disease.

0:45:42.436,0:45:46.746
It's a similar disease that is seen in[br]human beings, as Creutzfeldt-Jacobs disease.

0:45:46.746,0:45:48.186
It's a prion disease.

0:45:48.416,0:45:52.186
It's transmitted by eating[br]part of the brain tissue.

0:45:52.186,0:46:00.016
And that's also between human beings, because[br]the way, you know, when you go to New Guinea,

0:46:00.556,0:46:04.626
where, historically, there was a large[br]episode of this kind of disorder,

0:46:04.736,0:46:11.646
is because when the people would fight[br]each other in New Guinea, the tribes,

0:46:11.646,0:46:15.596
then the winning tribe would[br]eat the brain of their --

0:46:15.596,0:46:19.516
of the person they had beaten in the battle.

0:46:19.726,0:46:25.666
And if they were now infected with this[br]prion, they would then get the same disease.

0:46:25.706,0:46:31.226
Okay. So we know if you eat the nervous[br]tissue, then that could be an issue.

0:46:31.226,0:46:36.906
And most likely people hypothesize[br]that Mad Cow Disease in Britain started

0:46:36.906,0:46:44.606
when they changed the way, the way the[br]meat waste products were distributed.

0:46:44.876,0:46:49.766
Namely, what that people did, is[br]you would collect meat products,

0:46:49.766,0:46:53.456
and that could be from cows, from[br]sheep, from all others, you know.

0:46:53.796,0:46:58.676
And then you would process this to make a meat[br]powder, which you would then feed to the cows

0:46:58.676,0:47:01.756
to quickly have them gain[br]weight and produce more milk.

0:47:01.756,0:47:06.196
Okay? So now, basically, you're[br]giving the cows who are --

0:47:06.196,0:47:12.586
whose GI tract is really evolved to[br]eat grass, very low, low quality,

0:47:12.586,0:47:15.856
you could say food, low-calorie food.

0:47:16.246,0:47:19.356
You now feed it a carnivore diet.

0:47:19.356,0:47:24.776
And most likely, in that process, when you now[br]fed them these waste products, all ground up

0:47:24.776,0:47:31.076
and processed, that contains the prions from the[br]sheep, which, in sheep, it's called "scrapie",

0:47:31.076,0:47:33.556
and then that let it be expressed in cows.

0:47:33.556,0:47:37.646
And then when these cows were slaughtered[br]again, you would then take their waste products

0:47:37.646,0:47:40.696
as placeholders [phonetic], and you[br]would then feed it to other cows.

0:47:41.476,0:47:45.066
And so that's most likely[br]how Mad Cow Diseases start.

0:47:45.066,0:47:48.206
And the quickest way is to[br]stop by not doing that anymore.

0:47:49.246,0:47:53.666
But it's, you know, I'm not saying[br]that eating meat would be harmful.

0:47:53.866,0:48:00.076
But possibly, if you never were exposed to[br]it, then your GI tract may not be able to cope

0:48:00.076,0:48:04.266
with the scrapie, or with the prion[br]or other things that may be occurring.

0:48:04.926,0:48:06.716
So that's when you step outside of it.

0:48:07.046,0:48:08.766
And then let me do a different one.

0:48:09.696,0:48:12.976
This is a very interesting one about rats.

0:48:12.976,0:48:17.566
It's an old study by Campbell and[br]Campbell, or it's really about,

0:48:17.566,0:48:21.336
it's really by Wells, even older, in 1976.

0:48:21.336,0:48:25.286
You take rats and you give[br]them a low-dose aflatoxin,

0:48:25.286,0:48:30.796
which is a very powerful carcinogenic[br]agent that will induce tumors in cancer

0:48:30.846,0:48:33.376
in most people, if a dosage high enough.

0:48:33.376,0:48:34.796
But you give them a very low dose.

0:48:34.796,0:48:39.646
And what is interesting is you get these[br]normal rats, you get this low dose.

0:48:40.086,0:48:47.436
And then you have them eat the normal rat Chow,[br]and then cancer is expressed in all the animals.

0:48:49.286,0:48:54.016
Now what you do is you change --[br]and you change the rat chow to food.

0:48:54.016,0:48:57.136
Because basically, what the[br]what is the rat food?

0:48:57.136,0:49:01.296
It's a little rat pellets, but it's[br]also has a lot of milk products in it,

0:49:01.296,0:49:03.576
milk protein called "casein" in it.

0:49:03.636,0:49:09.116
But I think from an evolutionary perspective,[br]rats never drank milk or milk products.

0:49:09.116,0:49:13.256
I mean they eat everything, probably not[br]milk, so their body probably did not know how

0:49:13.256,0:49:16.846
to process this, then it's an allostatic load.

0:49:17.046,0:49:23.586
What is so interesting is when you reduce the[br]consumption of -- in the foods to 5% of casein,

0:49:23.846,0:49:28.126
then when you give them this[br]aflatoxin, it would induce cancer.

0:49:28.126,0:49:29.656
The cancer does not occur.

0:49:29.826,0:49:38.126
So you can see as if the casein[br]increases, or reduces the immune response,

0:49:38.126,0:49:41.266
or ability, and allows the cancer to occur.

0:49:42.196,0:49:49.216
Again, from my simplistic perspective, is[br]that rats never ate milk or milk products,

0:49:49.216,0:49:54.326
so this is a novelty, and[br]then there's a long-term cost.

0:49:54.326,0:49:57.566
There's some evidence, in human[br]beings, that eating lower animal --

0:49:57.726,0:50:01.396
lower levels of animal protein is[br]associated of lower cancer rate.

0:50:01.396,0:50:05.656
So the more veggies and fruits you[br]eat, the -- probably the better it is.

0:50:05.656,0:50:11.106
It is not as clear because the Inuit[br]people, in the, in the Arctic, eat mainly,

0:50:11.106,0:50:17.296
historically ate mainly animal[br]products, lots of fats

0:50:17.296,0:50:21.226
and blubber, and they did not develop cancer.

0:50:21.496,0:50:23.886
So that it may not be as clear as it all looks.

0:50:25.666,0:50:27.976
But you know, living in harmony,[br]with your evolutionary past,

0:50:27.976,0:50:29.716
may give hope for a number of disorders.

0:50:29.716,0:50:32.026
I'm going to make a whole[br]long list for a moment.

0:50:32.026,0:50:38.676
There's some suggested -- some[br]suggestions, that even epilepsy in children,

0:50:39.106,0:50:45.126
and epilepsy is a complex disease, it's not[br]simple, but for some, can be at least controlled

0:50:45.126,0:50:47.056
by eating a total ketogenic diet.

0:50:47.056,0:50:48.486
This is very hard to do.

0:50:48.486,0:50:52.536
And just eating -- and for them, if[br]you put them on a ketogenic diet,

0:50:52.906,0:50:57.386
then if they just eat one cupcake, which would[br]then be a refined flour, would trigger seizures.

0:50:57.386,0:51:01.966
There are many other factors, but this is at[br]least one, the person could have control over.

0:51:02.116,0:51:05.676
Two, I alluded to the cancers,[br]giving a low dose of Aflatoxin..

0:51:05.676,0:51:11.786
But this may also suggest that possibly,[br]what the foods we're now eating,

0:51:12.226,0:51:16.516
some of are so strange, and not[br]part of our evolutionary background,

0:51:16.666,0:51:19.846
that it may do something for[br]us as equally in a similar way.

0:51:19.846,0:51:21.536
We just don't know.

0:51:21.536,0:51:27.896
And then there's a case of, again, which you[br]will watch, multiple sclerosis, by Terry Wahls,

0:51:27.896,0:51:28.996
who has severe multiple sclerosis.

0:51:28.996,0:51:34.926
She adopts a hunting and gathering diet, and[br]then their diet reverses her M.S. totally.

0:51:34.976,0:51:38.046
You know, there are case examples,[br]but I think they give hints.

0:51:38.046,0:51:40.866
And then we need to think of foods.

0:51:40.866,0:51:44.226
I mean, we, you know, when look at your[br]tissue, look at your hand for a moment.

0:51:44.916,0:51:50.256
Look at -- remember, every cell in[br]your body, everything, your whole body,

0:51:50.736,0:51:54.926
is built, created from the foods we ate.

0:51:54.926,0:51:58.766
If you eat -- you know, think[br]of building a house.

0:51:58.796,0:52:02.256
If you have very good materials,[br]and you have a very good plan,

0:52:02.776,0:52:04.146
then the house will be very strong.

0:52:04.266,0:52:06.956
The plan could be your genetics[br]and the epigenetics.

0:52:07.856,0:52:15.146
But even with a very good map plan,[br]if you have poor materials, the house,

0:52:15.146,0:52:19.716
or the building you're making, will not be[br]as good, and would be in danger of collapse.

0:52:19.716,0:52:23.986
And think of it this way, and[br]now much of our foods for eating,

0:52:24.236,0:52:27.026
and partly because of the greener[br]revolution, which has been great.

0:52:27.026,0:52:29.786
It allows all of us to have[br]enough -- plenty of foods.

0:52:29.786,0:52:36.066
So this is there is always a balance, but[br]our Mona culture, and our processed foods,

0:52:36.066,0:52:40.076
may eliminate many important micronutrients.

0:52:41.356,0:52:42.996
You know, we're not aware of what we need.

0:52:43.776,0:52:46.366
Two, our pesticides and herbicides.

0:52:46.366,0:52:50.446
I'm just thinking of Monsanto's Roundup,[br]we'll do this later when we talk about food,

0:52:50.446,0:52:54.726
are carcinogenic and immune[br]suppressant, you know?

0:52:54.896,0:52:58.126
And then there's lots of[br]evidence that we -- that our --

0:52:58.126,0:53:05.726
the foods we eat may, or the lack of foods we[br]eat, may be a cause of a number of illnesses.

0:53:05.816,0:53:08.846
Just think of going back[br]during the ages of the --

0:53:12.386,0:53:19.126
-- you know, just think back of the age of[br]sailing, where sailors got scurvy, you know.

0:53:19.246,0:53:20.716
But why did they get scurvy?

0:53:20.896,0:53:23.986
Scurvy -- because the foods they[br]were eating was either pickled.

0:53:24.526,0:53:29.006
They were they were not getting enough[br]vitamin C, so they lost their teeth.

0:53:29.006,0:53:32.666
There's a massive death rate[br]of sailors due to scurvy.

0:53:32.666,0:53:38.176
It wasn't until the observation was made[br]that when they ate limes, citrus fruit,

0:53:38.176,0:53:42.146
which contained vitamin C, there are many foods[br]that have more Vitamin C, they don't say --

0:53:42.286,0:53:45.846
they start to eat those, then[br]they could solve that disease.

0:53:45.846,0:53:53.476
And then in the late 19th century, you know,[br]with the advent of the result of colonialization

0:53:53.476,0:54:01.246
in the -- in much of the world, and the[br]idea that brown rice was sort of, well,

0:54:01.246,0:54:04.636
that's for common people,[br]that white rice was best.

0:54:04.886,0:54:11.536
But the trouble was, by eating white rice,[br]you get rid of the Vitamin B1, thiamine,

0:54:11.536,0:54:15.936
and that led then to a very serious[br]neuro -- neurological disease, Beriberi.

0:54:15.936,0:54:20.276
You know, it was because we[br]started not eat the whole foods.

0:54:20.276,0:54:22.606
There's so many of these, we can think about.

0:54:22.606,0:54:25.986
Okay? Let me do another one[br]here about Spina Bifida.

0:54:25.986,0:54:32.306
Spina Bifida, you know, is really that the spine[br]does not close of the little -- of the fetus.

0:54:32.786,0:54:37.886
However, it can totally be almost[br]avoided, at least decreased, if the,

0:54:37.886,0:54:40.686
if the food contains enough folic acid.

0:54:40.686,0:54:42.616
But what do you get folic acid by?

0:54:42.616,0:54:47.496
By eating spinach, asparagus, turnips,[br]greens, legumes, many of these.

0:54:47.496,0:54:50.976
And organ meats, such as liver[br]and kidney, all can take folate.

0:54:51.256,0:54:52.296
You don't need to take a pill.

0:54:52.526,0:54:54.526
You have to eat the right foods.

0:54:54.526,0:54:59.006
So when I see these, that we need to[br]add these, these substance to the foods,

0:54:59.006,0:55:00.976
it's really telling me, we're[br]eating the wrong foods.

0:55:05.146,0:55:12.586
Okay? And I already talked about Vitamin C. Or[br]think of Omega 3, or fatty, you know, fish oils.

0:55:13.406,0:55:19.016
You know, the data looks very good,[br]that mothers, who are at high risk,

0:55:19.166,0:55:26.336
that's genetic for allergic disease, when they[br]got Omega 3 some 21 weeks of gestation to birth,

0:55:27.436,0:55:32.596
that there was a significant decrease[br]in eczema, egg allergies, and others.

0:55:32.596,0:55:39.026
Notice, it almost -- it went from 12% for the[br]controls, who didn't get it, to 7%, 15 to 9.

0:55:39.366,0:55:45.156
Most likely, if the mothers had had from the[br]beginning, at the beginning of pregnancy,

0:55:45.406,0:55:48.176
maybe these numbers would leave me much better.

0:55:48.176,0:55:53.636
And this a result at age one, so notice[br]the long-lasting cost by having a diet

0:55:53.636,0:55:56.916
that is low in Omega 3, at least.

0:55:56.916,0:56:03.056
And our diet right now is massively weighted[br]to Omega 6s, which is highly inflammatory,

0:56:03.056,0:56:09.266
because so much of the foods we eat are --[br]include corn oils, etc., which are all Omega 6s.

0:56:09.266,0:56:15.796
Okay? But even a changed behavior, if you[br]give Omega 3 supplements for six months.

0:56:16.106,0:56:19.976
And that's a double-blind[br]study for 8 to 16 year olds.

0:56:20.836,0:56:25.736
You know, overall, what you see[br]is that sort of reduction in --

0:56:25.736,0:56:28.556
significantly in behavior problems.

0:56:28.556,0:56:29.766
It's just really remarkable.

0:56:30.286,0:56:30.846
Okay.

0:56:31.046,0:56:36.956
And now I'm going to shift again to diet one[br]more time, going back to the exposure of getting

0:56:37.096,0:56:43.016
to food poisoning, which so often occurs[br]in our modern diet, where all of a sudden,

0:56:43.016,0:56:47.046
thousands of people die, or hundreds[br]of people die, and some -- or get sick.

0:56:47.046,0:56:51.336
And a few die because they ate[br]hamburgers, or even the romaine lettuce.

0:56:51.336,0:56:52.706
Here's one of romaine lettuce.

0:56:52.706,0:56:56.376
But the question really is, what caused it?

0:56:56.376,0:57:03.516
And in most cases, we would see it's caused,[br]basically, you know, by E. coli, right?

0:57:03.516,0:57:07.126
But look at -- but I would want to[br]argue that it's really what we have done

0:57:07.126,0:57:09.476
with the -- with our cows and our animals.

0:57:09.476,0:57:13.516
So let me take you through a[br]little story, why we get --

0:57:13.626,0:57:18.706
possibly one pathway, we get food[br]poisoning in one case, and not in the other.

0:57:20.046,0:57:25.116
Okay. The normal diet of a cow is[br]basically somehow grass, as is on the left,

0:57:25.116,0:57:28.456
but now we bring them to a feedlot[br]where they're getting a lot of grains.

0:57:28.456,0:57:31.196
The reason you do this, because[br]they'll bulk up very quickly.

0:57:31.196,0:57:36.076
However, the gastrointestinal[br]tract of a cow is not really --

0:57:36.076,0:57:41.036
it did, you know, from an evolutionary[br]perspective, it does not to have to process it.

0:57:41.036,0:57:46.036
And it changes the pH in the[br]cow, in the in the fecal mass.

0:57:46.676,0:57:48.696
Okay. And so if you look at that, at the --

0:57:48.696,0:57:52.446
if you look at the manure cattle[br]eating grass, is about 7.3.

0:57:52.766,0:58:01.006
Well, the manure of cattle at feedlots, with[br]grain, which is very high caloric value, is 5.3.

0:58:01.006,0:58:04.606
Now why is this important?

0:58:04.606,0:58:07.876
Okay. All the manure in cows contain E. coli,

0:58:07.996,0:58:10.316
but there are many different[br]versions of E. coli.

0:58:10.446,0:58:14.836
And they're the one that lets[br]us get sick, really get sick.

0:58:14.836,0:58:17.246
is the E. coli 0157.

0:58:17.426,0:58:22.616
That is an E. coli that's survives at a[br]very low pH, a much more acidic condition.

0:58:22.616,0:58:27.006
And notice, that if the manure of the cow is --

0:58:27.006,0:58:31.656
that eats grass is 7.3, there will[br]be a very low number of this E. coli,

0:58:31.656,0:58:35.786
because they would really survive[br]well at this higher pH. And then

0:58:35.786,0:58:38.686
when that cow gets slaughtered,[br]keep that in mind,

0:58:38.726,0:58:42.286
then probably sometimes the intestinal[br]contents contaminates the meat.

0:58:44.246,0:58:48.526
Now you eat your hamburger,[br]with the contamination in it.

0:58:48.576,0:58:51.856
But since it is the E. coli[br]that survives at 7.3,

0:58:52.006,0:58:55.996
when you now eat it, it goes into your stomach.

0:58:55.996,0:59:02.846
But the stomach is a pH of two, and[br]those E. coli essentially all get killed.

0:59:02.846,0:59:04.446
And so you don't get sick.

0:59:04.446,0:59:08.936
Now, on the other hand, if you're eating[br]-- if you're eating meat from the cattle,

0:59:08.936,0:59:15.586
from a feedlot, that has been eating[br]the mainly grain, its manure is 5.3.

0:59:15.586,0:59:22.316
And then it's in -- and you see a thousand[br]times more E. coli, you know, 0157,

0:59:22.316,0:59:27.426
which is the one that is really --[br]makes us very sick, as I pointed out.

0:59:27.426,0:59:31.126
And when you now -- and then I[br]multiply in the meter [phonetic] or so.

0:59:31.606,0:59:37.056
And now when you eat them, they go through[br]your stomach, but now they can survive this pH,

0:59:37.056,0:59:41.216
this acid [inaudible], and 10% survive that,

0:59:41.216,0:59:44.726
and then they start multiplying this[br]lethal infection in their intestines.

0:59:45.806,0:59:48.036
So that is really the big difference.

0:59:49.346,0:59:55.096
So the cure is probably not to try[br]to give antibiotics or anything else.

0:59:55.096,0:59:58.236
We would say maybe we should think[br]of the evolutionary background.

0:59:58.236,1:00:02.686
What should cattle be eating[br]to reduce [inaudible]?

1:00:02.686,1:00:10.356
So if we fed the cows hay or grass,[br]then the pH would stay up to 7.3,

1:00:10.356,1:00:16.306
and we would reduce the odds of having[br]this E. coli 0157, be present in the foods.

1:00:16.306,1:00:19.196
Because now, if the cattle that has the --

1:00:19.316,1:00:22.836
is from the feedlot is slaughter,[br]the meat is contaminated.

1:00:22.836,1:00:24.786
Now, when you eat it, you potentially get sick.

1:00:24.856,1:00:32.606
But moreover, the manure of this[br]cattle, at 5.3, drifts over fields

1:00:32.606,1:00:38.256
where there may be spinach is grown, or other[br]foods are grown, or a worker carries this

1:00:38.256,1:00:41.506
on their boots and goes to those[br]fields, or goes through the water.

1:00:41.506,1:00:47.936
Then all of a sudden, you are spraying some[br]fields or vegetables with this E. coli 0157,

1:00:48.376,1:00:51.896
and then you can get sick by[br]eating even the vegetables.

1:00:52.026,1:00:53.706
Okay, I think that's enough.

1:00:54.756,1:00:58.456
Okay? And then there's so many[br]other factors, I can keep going,

1:00:58.456,1:01:03.166
that the foods we eat also change our bacteria.

1:01:03.166,1:01:09.936
Remember, the foods we eat affect which[br]colonies of bacteria increase or decrease.

1:01:09.966,1:01:14.636
But most of the foods, we now eat, look[br]the same, and are totally different.

1:01:14.636,1:01:19.746
Almost all the grain, corn, soy,[br]processed foods and meats contain low level

1:01:19.746,1:01:24.816
of Monsanto's produced herbicides, Roundup,[br]and other herbicides and pesticides.

1:01:26.286,1:01:33.336
And those -- and they, in fact, suppress[br]some of the healthy human biome bacteria,

1:01:33.576,1:01:37.376
and allow the more pathological[br]ones to continue.

1:01:37.646,1:01:40.986
Possibly, this, we may have[br]messed up, they go back

1:01:40.986,1:01:43.556
and think how we're living in the first place.

1:01:43.556,1:01:46.236
Remember, we are an ecological system.

1:01:46.806,1:01:48.216
I want to underline this.

1:01:48.426,1:01:52.856
We -- and now move even more to a[br]slight different perspective on this,

1:01:52.856,1:01:58.656
to some illnesses that evolved with[br]parasites, bacteria and viruses, you know.

1:01:58.656,1:02:04.726
And when we eliminate some of those bacteria[br]or parasites, the balance is disrupting.

1:02:04.726,1:02:06.026
The pathology can occur.

1:02:06.026,1:02:10.406
Some of you have experienced that[br]already when you've taken antibiotics.

1:02:10.406,1:02:15.206
Often more women may have experienced that[br]more -- when they have no problems at all,

1:02:15.206,1:02:18.506
then they took an antibiotics[br]even, even maybe for acne.

1:02:18.506,1:02:24.026
And then the antibiotic not only killed a[br]whole class of bacteria in their GI tract,

1:02:24.026,1:02:28.076
but also in the vaginal barrel, and[br]then they developed a yeast infection.

1:02:29.026,1:02:34.206
Because when you remove certain groups[br]of bacteria, others will take over.

1:02:34.726,1:02:38.106
So what is critical is the[br]balance, and I want to talk about.

1:02:38.106,1:02:41.156
And that's all that you'll be[br]reading in the book by Blaser,

1:02:41.446,1:02:42.766
which really looks at the human biome.

1:02:42.766,1:02:47.626
But I want to go back now for a moment[br]about our parasites, bacteria and viruses.

1:02:47.626,1:02:49.296
We've lived with those forever.

1:02:49.766,1:02:51.176
We live in symbiosis.

1:02:51.176,1:02:55.646
That is really where the bacteria are[br]mutual, you know, we live together.

1:02:55.646,1:02:57.406
And they're in different categories.

1:02:57.616,1:03:01.366
In mutualism, we both benefit, and[br]many bacteria benefit by living

1:03:01.366,1:03:04.226
with us, and we benefit from them.

1:03:04.226,1:03:08.896
Then there's commensal, which is where one[br]benefits, but not the other one doesn't.

1:03:08.896,1:03:10.306
There's no harm, you know.

1:03:10.306,1:03:15.326
And the final one is very truly a parasite,[br]where one benefits and the other one is harmed,

1:03:15.446,1:03:17.106
and the harm can be very [inaudible].

1:03:17.106,1:03:23.566
If you're intrigued in parasites, specifically,[br]a great older book, which I really like is

1:03:23.566,1:03:26.676
by Rob Dunn, "The Wildlife of our Bodies".

1:03:26.676,1:03:28.976
It's really the epidemic of absence.

1:03:28.976,1:03:32.966
It's a way of understanding[br]autoimmune illnesses, you know.

1:03:33.036,1:03:34.786
But let me give this as an example.

1:03:35.266,1:03:40.146
In the 1930s and 40s, nearly[br]half American children had worms.

1:03:40.146,1:03:46.246
And if you go all around the[br]world, in third-world countries,

1:03:46.246,1:03:50.406
except in a weird [phonetic] world, that's[br]Western, educated, industrialized, rich,

1:03:50.816,1:03:57.166
democratic countries, many people[br]had little worms, you know,

1:03:57.166,1:03:59.436
sometimes like whipworms and others.

1:03:59.606,1:04:03.286
In most cases, they were very benign,[br]unless you had too many of them.

1:04:03.286,1:04:06.376
There are some bits you never want to get.

1:04:06.866,1:04:11.956
Okay. And one way that, in the 1930s, most of[br]people had it, just like your dog has worms

1:04:12.446,1:04:17.396
at times, okay, but to it -- but usually[br]the way you would avoid getting worms is

1:04:17.396,1:04:19.696
that you would not have to[br]walk on human fecal mass.

1:04:19.696,1:04:22.366
So what you then did is,[br]but you, if you wore shoes

1:04:22.366,1:04:25.076
and used indoor toilet, you're[br]less likely to get it.

1:04:26.466,1:04:32.546
But what is so interesting is that a disease[br]called "Crohn disease" did not exist in places

1:04:32.546,1:04:36.186
where people -- generally didn't have[br]place where people have intestinal worms.

1:04:36.186,1:04:41.186
But as the intestinal worms have become[br]very rare, which we have done in the US,

1:04:41.186,1:04:44.856
and many other places, all[br]of a sudden, we get this --

1:04:44.856,1:04:48.956
much worse, and the whole serious[br]illness called "Crohn's disease".

1:04:49.046,1:04:50.806
Now worms is always relevant.

1:04:50.806,1:04:55.046
Having a few worms in you, and[br]many of you -- they would --

1:04:55.226,1:04:59.286
you would intake them, and they would[br]multiply you, you would excrete the eggs,

1:04:59.286,1:05:01.666
and it would be one cycle[br]till you get reinfected.

1:05:01.666,1:05:03.026
Others could be very harmful.

1:05:03.026,1:05:09.006
But in many cases, they could be more, you[br]know, they would just do a tiniest harm.

1:05:09.006,1:05:11.146
It's only if you're highly malnutritioned,

1:05:11.146,1:05:14.026
and other issues were going[br]on, that it was very harmful.

1:05:14.026,1:05:19.376
And remember, I want to underline again,[br]most people had experience of worms

1:05:19.376,1:05:23.956
until the 20th century, but by[br]having better hygiene, wearing shoes,

1:05:23.956,1:05:27.676
and children are now growing up[br]without ever having had worms.

1:05:28.706,1:05:32.636
And the worms can live in our, you[br]know, GI tract, or a bloodstream.

1:05:32.636,1:05:34.216
I'm not recommending them in a bloodstream.

1:05:34.216,1:05:40.896
And to survive, however, to survive[br]within the host, worms must interact with,

1:05:40.896,1:05:43.996
and change those immune system, you see.

1:05:43.996,1:05:47.546
And some worms can cause disease, but[br]many are not possibly even harmful,

1:05:47.546,1:05:50.576
and may even be beneficial[br]for our immune system.

1:05:50.576,1:05:52.416
That's hard to believe, I know, conceptually.

1:05:53.566,1:06:01.836
But you could argue, if we live for as[br]long as we know, with some parasites,

1:06:02.156,1:06:06.076
our immune system would then be[br]in a kind of balance with the,

1:06:06.376,1:06:09.306
with these parasites, or with these worms.

1:06:09.656,1:06:15.326
And also, if you take these worms away, then[br]our immune system may not know how to cope.

1:06:15.326,1:06:22.096
So it is now believed that the inflammatory[br]bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease,

1:06:22.096,1:06:29.636
is really partial -- is partially caused[br]by dysregulation of mucosal immune system.

1:06:29.836,1:06:34.186
You know, so we see this massive[br]increase in Crohn's disease.

1:06:34.816,1:06:40.856
If, on the other hand, if during childhood,[br]you get exposures to helminths, that's worms,

1:06:40.976,1:06:44.496
they somehow talk to your immune[br]system, or they produce something

1:06:44.496,1:06:47.046
which tells the immune system, "Hey, slow down.

1:06:47.246,1:06:48.826
I'm just here as a passenger.

1:06:48.826,1:06:49.746
I won't do too much.

1:06:49.746,1:06:51.406
Just keep it cool."

1:06:51.406,1:06:52.476
I'm making this up.

1:06:52.476,1:06:58.696
And then the as if it -- it[br]dampens down the inflammation.

1:06:59.416,1:07:04.756
But without that experience, the immune[br]system has no, has no way to change.

1:07:04.786,1:07:07.886
And this is one of the hypothesized[br]Joel Weinstock,

1:07:07.886,1:07:11.226
and he has done some very[br]interesting studies on using helminth,

1:07:11.226,1:07:13.606
parasitic worms, to help the immune system.

1:07:14.036,1:07:17.836
As I pointed out earlier,[br]the disease, Crohn's disease,

1:07:17.836,1:07:22.296
is a very difficult illness on our GI tract.

1:07:22.296,1:07:24.416
It's where our immune system is attacking,

1:07:24.416,1:07:27.576
and when it causes horrible[br]abdominal pain, skin rashes, right?

1:07:27.576,1:07:28.946
It's just truly difficult.

1:07:30.066,1:07:32.116
Okay? It's just a disaster.

1:07:32.116,1:07:39.156
And it now estimates 1/3rd, three million[br]people have this, at least in the United States.

1:07:39.156,1:07:44.286
And one of the ways, if you think about[br]it, how come Crohn's disease does not exist

1:07:44.286,1:07:46.456
in third world countries,[br]because people have worms?

1:07:46.456,1:07:52.936
That's a hypothesis, by the way, but people[br]have been doing episodic experiments on this.

1:07:53.366,1:07:57.776
And now in a more systematic study by[br]Joel Weinstock, he took chronic people,

1:07:57.846,1:08:01.816
with chronic Crohn's disease,[br]they now gave them worms.

1:08:01.816,1:08:04.176
Now, you know, whipworm, it's just benign.

1:08:04.176,1:08:05.636
It doesn't do any harm.

1:08:05.886,1:08:07.056
You know, you put little eggs in it.

1:08:07.056,1:08:08.316
You don't even know you're swallowing them.

1:08:09.046,1:08:13.426
And what happened in this study of these 29[br]patients, four patients, "Oh, yuck, worms.

1:08:13.426,1:08:14.306
I don't want to do this."

1:08:14.306,1:08:16.786
So they got a medication[br]to get rid of the worms.

1:08:17.246,1:08:22.496
But in 24 weeks, all by one patient was[br]doing -- 21 patients were in remission.

1:08:23.906,1:08:25.886
Now, that is remarkable.

1:08:26.746,1:08:31.356
Their bodies were much healthier than[br]when they had -- now, they had parasites.

1:08:31.356,1:08:36.386
And so, you know, this is very suggestive,[br]and it's a similar model you see later,

1:08:36.386,1:08:41.696
as you'll be reading in the book by Blaser,[br]about the whole part of our human biome,

1:08:41.696,1:08:43.906
that when they're empty, then there's absence.

1:08:43.906,1:08:51.066
And remember to underline, going back[br]again to the inflammatory GI disorders,

1:08:51.066,1:08:55.496
promising remedial acts against[br]irritable bowel disease,

1:08:55.496,1:08:58.796
and other allergic autoimmune[br]illnesses, is helminth therapy.

1:08:58.796,1:09:04.516
It can also be probably bacterial[br]therapy, or human biome therapy.

1:09:04.516,1:09:07.836
Cure with helminth therapy seems[br]to me that was effective therapy

1:09:07.836,1:09:10.816
in the irritable bowel disease[br]currently proposed.

1:09:11.496,1:09:17.176
Okay? And now I'll jump even more[br]that the human biome is active

1:09:17.176,1:09:18.766
and a vital participant in our lives.

1:09:18.766,1:09:25.216
Remember, more than a half of your -- of the[br]DNA in your body are bacteria, our human biome.

1:09:25.706,1:09:26.516
And that's critical.

1:09:26.516,1:09:28.246
So do look at the book like Blaser.

1:09:28.816,1:09:33.016
And we get these exposures to these[br]different ones, in many different ways.

1:09:33.016,1:09:34.466
You know, kids play in the dirt.

1:09:34.466,1:09:36.876
Eating dirt is very helpful.

1:09:38.806,1:09:43.276
You know, you know, our GI tract,[br]these bacteria produce serotonin.

1:09:43.276,1:09:47.896
And many, in fact, interestingly,[br]many of our antibiotics are derived

1:09:47.896,1:09:51.346
from material, you know, grown in dirt.

1:09:51.826,1:09:52.686
So play the dirt.

1:09:52.686,1:09:53.446
It's much better.

1:09:53.446,1:09:58.356
Okay? And maybe we shouldn't be[br]using so many antimicrobial soaps.

1:09:58.826,1:10:03.726
You know, possibly, yes, if you know[br]someone is infectious, do wash your hands.

1:10:03.726,1:10:06.796
And after bathroom, use -- wash your hands.

1:10:07.026,1:10:12.836
But most likely, don't use antimicrobial[br]soaps, because basically, you are developing --

1:10:12.876,1:10:17.746
you get rid of the healthy bacteria, and[br]maybe leave a place for unhealthy bacteria.

1:10:18.186,1:10:24.886
And as I said earlier, our human body is made of[br]many cells, at least half of those in our body,

1:10:24.886,1:10:27.986
so more are bacterial, non-human cells.

1:10:28.256,1:10:29.566
It's most interesting.

1:10:30.206,1:10:36.336
And there's so many factors that affect the gut[br]bacteria, which includes the birthing process,

1:10:36.336,1:10:40.116
the breastfeeding exposure,[br]dirt, antibiotic exposures, diet.

1:10:40.566,1:10:42.066
And they all are interactive.

1:10:42.546,1:10:45.606
And I think, on that note, I will stop.

1:10:46.176,1:10:49.396
But keep thinking of the[br]evolutionary background.

1:10:49.776,1:10:57.036
What are you doing now, that your great, great,[br]great grandparents would have no idea about?

1:10:57.926,1:11:05.956
It -- and it's likely that those novelties could[br]be harmful, or increase in allostatic load,

1:11:05.956,1:11:11.926
and it could be a co-contributor to many[br]of these inflammatory diseases we have now.