[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.21,0:00:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2050, there will be\N10 billion people on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.17,0:00:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten billion people that need to be fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.63,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten billion people living off\Nthe resources of a planet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.33,0:00:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is already unable to sustain\Nthe 7 billion people living today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or at least not in the way\Nwe currently operate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.58,0:00:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all agree that to live, we need food,\Nand, in particular, proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.25,0:00:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With wild resources being limited\Nand sometimes hard to obtain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.79,0:00:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we farm: pigs, chickens, fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.92,0:00:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to produce one kilogram\Nof farmed fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.25,0:00:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to use five kilograms\Nof wild fish as feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.21,0:00:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consequence? Fish stocks\Nare being depleted.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same thing with chickens,\Nwhich we feed with soy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.96,0:01:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more chicken we eat,\Nthe more soy we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.71,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to grow more soy, we need\Nto deforest areas, like the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.88,0:01:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are destroying whole ecosystems\Nto produce more food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.92,0:01:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And paradoxically,\Nwe don't eat everything we produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.79,0:01:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One third of the food we produce\Nwill never be consumed by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.10,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One third.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.92,0:01:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're producing waste and destroying\Nour planet in the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.04,0:01:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why am I telling you this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.67,0:01:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My brother got married this summer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.75,0:01:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the honor of being a witness.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the day of the wedding,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.12,0:01:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before his friends and family,\Nand before the mayor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.29,0:01:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the marriage certificate was read out,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.08,0:02:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the witnesses' names\Nand professions were given.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.75,0:02:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raphael Smia, fly farmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.78,0:02:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, I farm flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.33,0:02:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be more specific,\NI use insects to reclaim bio-waste
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.75,0:02:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to produce proteins and lipids\Nfor animal feed and green chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.38,0:02:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I've lost you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.21,0:02:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I do is gather bio-waste,\Nlike rotten apples from the supermarket
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.58,0:02:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or food scraps from a restaurant.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.21,0:02:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take all that, we grind it up,\Nwe mix it all up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.79,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put it in our bio-reactors\Nwith insect larvae.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.58,0:02:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our larvae love waste and rotting things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.50,0:02:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To each their own.\NThey eat, grow and fatten up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.46,0:02:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when they've gotten\Nenough proteins and fats in them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.92,0:02:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're used as animal feed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.54,0:02:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chickens don't naturally eat\NSouth American-grown GMO soy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.46,0:02:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. They eat insects.\NSame thing for fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.54,0:02:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, this is the model we've been given.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.50,0:03:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We grow grain that we feed\Nto our livestock,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.79,0:03:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we harvest it, we turn it into food,\Nwe eat it, or we throw it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.96,0:03:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farming insects makes it possible\Nto recover the nutrients
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.34,0:03:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which remain in this waste
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.71,0:03:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to reinsert those nutrients\Nback into the human food cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.88,0:03:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We go from a linear model\Nto a circular economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.42,0:03:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, who is this superhero of recycling?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.83,0:03:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me introduce to you\Nthe black soldier fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.54,0:03:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shows that the flies\Nin France aren't all white.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.71,0:03:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.92,0:03:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a quick lesson on flies.\NA fly lays eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.50,0:03:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Larvae hatch from these eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.38,0:03:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's just one, no problem.\NBut more than one, and look out!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.50,0:04:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The larvae eat, and when they've\Neaten enough, they become pupae.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.71,0:04:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A pupa is sort of like a cocoon for a fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.96,0:04:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a few weeks,\Na new fly emerges from the pupa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.71,0:04:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this fly is the ideal farm animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.29,0:04:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, it's harmless.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.50,0:04:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't sting. It doesn't bite.\NIt doesn't transmit disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.38,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The adult fly actually doesn't even eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.83,0:04:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only things it does is drink\Nand look for mates.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.42,0:04:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sort of like if you were to spend\Nyour whole life in a nightclub.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.79,0:04:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.12,0:04:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because adult flies don't eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.67,0:04:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't spread germs as they go\Nfrom our garbage to our plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.92,0:04:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, they exist\Nnaturally in France,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.75,0:04:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's no risk of ecological disaster,\Nlike with the Asian lady beetle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.42,0:04:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lastly, and most importantly,\Nblack solider fly larvae are scavengers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.63,0:05:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can eat and process\Nall different kinds of waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.54,0:05:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while creating none themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.12,0:05:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since even their excrement\Ncan be used as fertilizer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.96,0:05:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now you get it.\NThese flies are perfect!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.46,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing we needed\Nwas to domesticate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.46,0:05:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we did with my associate,\NJean-François Kleinfinger.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.75,0:05:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built our first laboratory\Nin the Loire-Atlantique department,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.97,0:05:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a stable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.63,0:05:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In it, we built a climate chamber,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.84,0:05:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a hermetically sealed chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.63,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we can control\Ntemperature, humidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.96,0:05:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all that, inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.54,0:05:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you that for someone like me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.46,0:05:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has trouble putting\NIKEA furniture together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.71,0:05:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a pretty big challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.67,0:05:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got our first larvae, we fed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.15,0:05:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we waited impatiently\Nfor the first fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.79,0:05:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here it is!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.17,0:05:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first fly\Nfrom the NextAlim laboratory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.04,0:06:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to tell you\Nmy family and friends were wary.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.71,0:06:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially my grandma,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.67,0:06:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who asked when I was\Ngoing to get a real job.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.38,0:06:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I get where they're coming from.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.38,0:06:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was digging through supermarkets' trash.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.88,0:06:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent my time watching\Nand waiting impatiently
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.84,0:06:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for flies to mate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.79,0:06:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was putting larvae\Ninto different situations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.54,0:06:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how they would react.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.92,0:06:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, black soldier fly larvae\Nbehave in a peculiar way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.47,0:06:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they've finished eating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.12,0:06:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they migrate out of their substrate,\Nout of their food source.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.04,0:06:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has its advantages and disadvantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.33,0:06:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The advantage is that there's no need\Nto harvest the larvae one by one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.96,0:06:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's pretty nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.58,0:06:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The disadvantage is that they can migrate\Nwhen we don't expect it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.02,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what happened\Nwith our first generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.04,0:06:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We built them bins with ramps\Nto facilitate their migration.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.08,0:06:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ramps were precisely\N45° from the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.65,0:06:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the literature said.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.21,0:06:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine the looks\Non our faces the next day,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.94,0:07:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we found the lab\Nlittered with larvae.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.54,0:07:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The larvae had the brilliant idea\Nof going up the vertical walls
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.71,0:07:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than using our ramps.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.79,0:07:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, anyway, the colony\Nis making progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.12,0:07:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we even want to optimize our set-up,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.83,0:07:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the number of matings, egg clutches.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.46,0:07:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This involves playing\Nwith different parameters:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.17,0:07:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,light, temperature, and a bit of music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.88,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Barry White - "You're the First,\Nthe Last, My Everything")
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.58,0:07:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, seriously,\Nmusic really works with flies too!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.07,0:07:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.25,0:07:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We domesticated the flies,\Nand with that success,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.75,0:07:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to raise funds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.79,0:08:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from private partners\Nand also from public partners,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.58,0:08:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who supported the project\Nto the tune of several million euros.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.04,0:08:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What those funds, we were able to build\Na slightly more professional laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.58,0:08:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conduct more thorough experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.58,0:08:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, most importantly, to determine\Nthe process and to draw up the plans
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.13,0:08:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first industrial\Ninsect farming factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.96,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2017, we will be able to process\N13,000 metric tons of bio-waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.96,0:08:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to produce 4,000 metric tons\Nof larvae per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.79,0:08:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 4,000 tons of larvae,\Nthat's about 20 million times this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.21,0:08:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all that, with a single plant.\NBut that's not all.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.21,0:08:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bio-waste can be found\Neverywhere in France.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.50,0:08:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will set ourselves up as close\Nas possible to bio-waste producers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.84,0:08:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to produce local proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.25,0:08:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not all.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.96,0:09:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With one ton of bio-waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.75,0:09:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can also make 300 kilograms\Nof fertilizer, 75 liters of bio fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.65,0:09:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a full tank of gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.08,0:09:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 10 years, we'll be able\Nto replace 50% of fish meal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.50,0:09:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, insect farming isn't a panacea
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.63,0:09:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can save the planet\Nand prevent the world's end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.29,0:09:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for a more sustainable,\Nhealthier society, every step counts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.72,0:09:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the steps of flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.09,0:09:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)