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American Pageant Chapter 34 APUSH Review

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    [TYPING] [MUSIC] Good morning,
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    good afternoon, whatever
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    time of the day it is.
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    Thank you for checking
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    out the video today.
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    We're breaking down World War II.
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    If you're studying this topic for APUSH or
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    regular U.S. History,
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    this video is gonna help you out.
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    Now remember, on December 7th, 1941,
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    all of that isolationist sentiment goes
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    out the window with the
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    attack on Pearl Harbor.
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    It effectively ends
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    the isolationist movement.
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    December 8th, Congress declares war.
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    Three days later, Germany and Italy
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    declare war against the United States.
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    And what you see is the U.S. had already
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    begun mobilizing for war
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    even before this attack on December 7th.
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    For example, we had the Selective Service
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    Act, or the first peacetime draft.
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    We had Lend-Lease supplies
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    being produced for the Allies.
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    And as a result of this, many US factories
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    had already shifted to war production.
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    Once we enter the war,
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    we are now a member of the Allies,
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    the Big Three, England, the Soviet Union,
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    and the United States, but don't forget,
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    there are many other countries
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    fighting along for the Allied cause.
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    It's important to note that the role of
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    the federal government is going to expand.
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    In fact, it expanded greater than it
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    had during the New Deal or World War I.
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    This is a mass mobilization
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    to fight this war.
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    World War II brought about a huge
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    mobilization on the home front.
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    This is a mass mobilization, and really,
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    it's gonna be industrial production
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    of the United States that is going
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    to be a key factor for the Allied victory.
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    And of course, as a result of this mass
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    mobilization, the smiley face comes out,
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    the Great Depression ends.
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    And you could see the unemployment rate
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    drop even before Pearl Harbor, but it
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    only continues to drop throughout the war.
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    Now, what do we mean mass mobilization?
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    Well, the federal government
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    is gonna play a key role.
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    For example, you have, just like
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    during World War I, different agencies.
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    The War Productions Board allocated
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    resources for the war effort,
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    making sure that we go from consumer
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    production to war production.
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    The Office of Price Administration froze
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    prices and wages and rationed certain
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    goods, such as meat, gas, sugar, and so on,
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    so that there would be enough
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    material for the war effort.
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    Citizens received ration books for things
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    like gasoline and needed stamps in order
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    to purchase certain scarce items.
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    A black market did develop for certain
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    goods, but the OPA tried to do its best.
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    We've already said this,
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    but it's important to repeat.
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    America's industrial output was a huge
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    factor in the eventual Allied victory.
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    U.S. Factories are supplying these
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    weapons for most of the Allies.
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    Another government agency that's important
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    to know about is the Office
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    of Research and Development.
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    And what this federal agency did is it
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    contracted with scientists
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    and universities to help develop
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    technology for the war effort.
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    So, developments in sonar, radar, rockets,
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    and other things, technological advances
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    are gonna be hugely important,
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    once again, to the Allied victory.
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    And of course, the big one is the
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    Manhattan Project, which begins in 1942.
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    You can see its locations on that map
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    they're all across the United States.
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    This was a joint secret program
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    between the United States and England.
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    They kept the Soviets out of it,
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    even though they knew because
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    of spying, and it's headed by J.
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    Robert Oppenheimer.
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    And at the height
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    of the Manhattan Project,
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    the secret program a hundred thousand people worked
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    for it, and they're going
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    to spend $2 billion.
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    And in July of 1945, the first atomic bomb
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    will be successfully detonated
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    in the desert of New Mexico.
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    Another key thing to know about when we
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    study World War II is
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    the social impacts of the war.
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    The war is gonna present numerous
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    opportunities for women and various
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    minority groups living
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    in the United States.
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    They are gonna be able to improve their
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    socioeconomic position
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    as a result of World War II.
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    Couple of examples for African-Americans,
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    you're gonna have
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    a Second Great Migration,
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    where over a million African-Americans are
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    gonna leave the South searching
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    for jobs in war industries.
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    And we're really gonna see this growth or
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    this movement of people to northern
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    cities, but also on the West Coast
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    in places like California.
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    Unfortunately, discrimination was
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    extremely common in defense work.
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    Very often, African-Americans
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    had a limit to the number and the size
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    of the opportunities that were
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    presented, even by World War II.
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    In fact, race riots, once again,
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    just as we saw during World War I,
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    are gonna break out in 1943.
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    You have race riots breaking out
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    in cities like Detroit and New York.
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    So, racial tension accompanies
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    these opportunities as well.
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    A. Philip Randolph is an important
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    individual you should know.
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    He actually threatened
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    the administration of Franklin Roosevelt
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    to march on Washington,
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    DC if discrimination in defense work was
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    not addressed by the
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    Roosevelt administration.
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    An important milestone is reached when
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    Executive Order 8802 is finally issued
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    by Franklin Roosevelt to avoid this march,
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    and this is the first federal action
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    to promote equal opportunity
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    and to prohibit employment discrimination
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    in the US ever by the federal government.
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    Nearly a million African-Americans are
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    gonna serve in this war against
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    the fascists and the Nazi parties,
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    but even though we're fighting for these
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    ideals like democracy,
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    it's important to keep in mind,
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    African-Americans are
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    serving in segregated units.
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    But you do have some progress.
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    You have people like the Tuskegee Airmen,
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    the first African-American
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    pilots in the US Army.
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    With these opportunities comes new
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    demands from the Civil Rights Movement.
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    In fact, the Double Victory Campaign was
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    pursued during the war,
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    and what it was is calling for not only
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    a victory against fascism abroad,
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    but civil rights leaders were calling
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    for a victory against racism at home.
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    And what you see during World War II is
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    the membership in the NAACP dramatically
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    increases as more and more people are
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    putting demands on greater justice
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    in America, and you get new organizations
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    such as CORE,
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    the Congress of Racial Equality,
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    which was formed in 1942
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    to fight against discrimination.
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    So, make sure you know that World War II
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    has consequences on the home front
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    for various social groups.
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    Two other groups that you should know
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    about is the impact of the war
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    on Mexican Americans and Native Americans.
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    Don't forget, during the Great Depression,
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    there was this repatriation where
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    Mexican Americans and
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    people of Mexican descent were
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    forced out of the United States.
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    But during the war,
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    there was a demand for workers
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    in the defense industry and this provided
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    opportunities to thousands
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    of Mexican Americans getting
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    job in these defense plants.
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    Not only that, a program is introduced
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    in 1942 called the Bracero Program,
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    and this allowed Mexican farm workers
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    to come into the United States to work
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    without going through the formal
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    immigration proceedings.
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    So, during World War II,
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    you have the federal government
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    asking for and allowing Mexican immigrants
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    to come into the United States
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    to help out with the labor shortage.
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    Of course, as in all of these scenarios,
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    usually racial tensions increase during
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    these times as well, and racial tensions
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    between white soldiers,
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    especially naval officials,
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    and Mexican residents in Los Angeles lead
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    to the horrible Zoot Suit Riots in 1943,
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    where hundreds of Mexican American youth
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    wearing the Zoot Suit are beat up
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    and arrested by military
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    officials and the LAPD.
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    Native Americans have different responses
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    and opportunities to World War II as well.
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    They received opportunities just as many
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    other groups in defense
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    work and in the military.
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    In fact, the Navajo Code Talkers
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    are a key part of this story.
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    They are Navajo Native American men
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    who volunteer serving their country,
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    the United States,
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    and they use their native Navajo language
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    to communicate in the war against Japan,
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    and they used these Navajo words to help
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    out communication during the war against
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    Japan and play a very important role
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    in the fighting.
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    And one of the things that happens
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    with Native Americans is after the war is
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    over, a lot of the native people who left
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    the reservation to work in war industries
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    or to fight, about half will not
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    return to life on the reservation.
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    And finally,
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    you also have social and demographic
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    changes besides ethnic and racial,
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    and one important one to know about is
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    the role of women during World War II.
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    Over 200,000 women served in the military
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    in non-combat roles, but they're serving
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    nonetheless in the US Armed Forces.
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    They were not allowed to serve
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    in combat during the war.
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    And the big impact is this,
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    as the demand for industrial and defense
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    jobs increased, nearly five million women
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    entered the workforce during World War II.
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    Many of these women are working
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    in the shipyards and the defense plants.
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    They are women who, in many
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    cases, never worked before.
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    Many of them are married and their
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    husbands are off overseas
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    fighting, and they play a key role.
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    And the symbol of this
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    is Rosie the Riveter.
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    In spite of these opportunities,
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    women continued to receive lower the pay
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    than men and were expected
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    to leave once the war was over.
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    They were considered substitutes,
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    not replacements.
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    And another key thing regardless of race
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    or gender is you're gonna have huge
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    demographic changes occur as many people
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    head to the Midwest and also
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    the West Coast looking for defense jobs.
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    It's not just African American individuals
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    moving, but large migrations of people.
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    In fact, following World War II,
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    you're gonna have a post-war
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    migration to the Sun Belt.
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    Southern states are gonna see huge numbers
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    of people going to them and also
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    the West Coast to places like California.
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    The warm weather, the lower labor cost,
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    and the presence of defense factories are
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    gonna have this huge
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    population pull to these regions.
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    Now it's going to be the Japanese American
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    community in which World War II is gonna
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    have the biggest impact, and you're gonna
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    see the complete denial
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    of civil liberties.
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    Now don't forget, there was already a lot
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    of anti-Asian sentiment
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    in the United States,
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    nativism towards groups,
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    whether they be Japanese or Chinese.
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    The bombing of Pearl Harbor only
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    accelerates and increases that.
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    In fact, following the bombing on December
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    7th, Executive Order 9006 is passed
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    by the U.S. Government which requires
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    that all people of Japanese descent
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    on the West Coast be
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    relocated to internment camps.
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    It did not matter that many of these
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    individuals were Nisei,
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    second-generation Japanese Americans.
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    They are American citizens.
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    They own businesses.
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    They went to U.S. Public schools.
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    It was completely disregarded because
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    there was this feeling that perhaps these
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    individuals were going to be potential
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    spies for the government of Japan.
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    Now, keep in mind there is no evidence
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    of any wrongdoing of any of these
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    individuals, and over 100,000
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    Japanese Americans and people of Japanese
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    descent were relocated to one of 10
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    internment camps throughout the country.
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    Interesting to note is the large Japanese
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    population in Hawaii, where Pearl Harbor
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    actually was and where
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    the attack took place,
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    they were not evacuated because it would
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    have devastated the economy of Hawaii.
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    Japanese laborers were the key
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    group in that region.
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    There is an important lawsuit that you
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    need to know, Korematsu
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    versus the United States.
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    It goes all the way to the Supreme Court.
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    There is Fred Korematsu right there
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    and the Supreme Court upheld
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    the relocation as necessary
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    for national security.
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    And by now you should realize that during
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    times of national security threats or
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    perceived threats, especially wars,
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    individual civil liberties
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    go down and are, oftentimes, violated.
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    And another thing to keep in mind is
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    thousands of Japanese Americans,
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    many with their families in one of these
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    camps,
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    fought bravely for the United States.
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    And there's a great quote
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    by Harry Truman recognizing that bravery,
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    "You fought not only the enemy,
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    you fought prejudice at home and won."
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    Now, you don't need to know a whole lot
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    about the fighting of World War II, even
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    though it's really exciting stuff,
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    but a couple of key things here
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    to get you ready for your exam.
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    The Allies are going to focus first
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    on the European Theater of the war.
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    In fact, that was the focus following
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    Pearl Harbor even though it was Japan
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    who attacked us and a couple of key
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    moments that you should know about,
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    the Soviets finally stopped the German
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    advance at Stalingrad and start pushing
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    the Nazi army out of the Soviet Union.
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    The Allies, England and the U.S., especially,
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    focus first on North Africa and into Italy
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    as their strategy, and eventually you're
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    gonna have the second front which is gonna
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    take place on June 6th, 1944,
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    the famous D-Day invasion.
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    Now, if it was industrial production
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    of the United States that's going to play
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    a key role in the Allied victory,
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    it's also going to be
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    Allied military and political cooperation
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    that's gonna be another key factor.
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    In fact, during the war, the Big Three,
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    Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin,
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    are gonna meet numerous times to discuss
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    military strategy and also
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    to plan for the post-war world.
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    Couple of these conferences you should
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    know about, the first one is in January
  • 13:21 - 13:24
    of 1943, and this is the first time
  • 13:24 - 13:25
    that Roosevelt and Churchill
  • 13:26 - 13:28
    meet once we are in the war.
  • 13:28 - 13:29
    Remember, they had previously met
  • 13:29 - 13:31
    at the Atlantic Conference,
  • 13:31 - 13:32
    now they're meeting during the war,
  • 13:32 - 13:34
    and they decide on a couple of things.
  • 13:34 - 13:35
    Stalin's not there.
  • 13:35 - 13:36
    One, the war is gonna be
  • 13:37 - 13:39
    only finished with unconditional surrender
  • 13:39 - 13:40
    of the Axis powers,
  • 13:40 - 13:42
    and they choose that they're going
  • 13:42 - 13:44
    to invade Sicily and Italy first,
  • 13:44 - 13:47
    which makes Stalin not too happy because
  • 13:47 - 13:49
    he wanted relief for the Soviet,
  • 13:50 - 13:52
    the Red Army, from the German invasion.
  • 13:52 - 13:53
    Another conference to keep
  • 13:53 - 13:54
    in mind is the Tehran Conference.
  • 13:54 - 13:56
    This is the first time the Big Three meet.
  • 13:56 - 13:58
    There you see all three of them
  • 13:58 - 14:00
    there in November of 1943.
  • 14:00 - 14:02
    They decide a couple of things.
  • 14:02 - 14:04
    One, they start planning the opening
  • 14:04 - 14:06
    of the second front that Stalin really
  • 14:06 - 14:08
    wanted to relieve the Soviet Army once
  • 14:08 - 14:09
    again, and that's gonna be
  • 14:09 - 14:11
    eventually the D-Day invasion.
  • 14:11 - 14:13
    And they also talk about the fate
  • 14:13 - 14:14
    of Eastern Europe, and this is gonna
  • 14:14 - 14:17
    be a key thing in the post-war world.
  • 14:17 - 14:20
    Stalin wants to control Eastern Europe.
  • 14:20 - 14:21
    He wants to divide up Germany.
  • 14:22 - 14:23
    Churchill and Roosevelt
  • 14:23 - 14:25
    want a free Eastern Europe.
  • 14:25 - 14:27
    Conflict developing.
  • 14:27 - 14:28
    But they try to avoid it so they
  • 14:28 - 14:30
    could focus on winning the war.
  • 14:31 - 14:34
    And the big one happens in 1945,
  • 14:34 - 14:35
    the Yalta Conference.
  • 14:36 - 14:37
    Germany, it is decided,
  • 14:37 - 14:40
    will be divided into four zones, and both
  • 14:40 - 14:42
    Churchill and Roosevelt feel they got
  • 14:42 - 14:44
    Stalin to agree that there are going
  • 14:44 - 14:47
    to be free elections in Eastern Europe.
  • 14:47 - 14:49
    The third important thing to keep in mind,
  • 14:49 - 14:51
    and this one's key, is the Soviets promise
  • 14:51 - 14:54
    they will help out the U.S. against Japan
  • 14:54 - 14:55
    three months after
  • 14:56 - 14:57
    the war in Europe is over.
  • 14:57 - 14:58
    And then finally,
  • 14:58 - 15:00
    they also agree to create a new
  • 15:00 - 15:02
    international organization,
  • 15:02 - 15:03
    the United Nations.
  • 15:03 - 15:06
    Eventually, both Mussolini and Hitler are
  • 15:06 - 15:08
    defeated and the United States
  • 15:08 - 15:10
    then is able to turn its attention
  • 15:10 - 15:12
    on the war against Japan.
  • 15:12 - 15:13
    Important to keep in mind,
  • 15:13 - 15:15
    it was largely the U.S. military
  • 15:15 - 15:18
    responsible for the fight against Japan
  • 15:18 - 15:20
    during the early periods of the war.
  • 15:20 - 15:22
    And if you look at this map,
  • 15:22 - 15:23
    following Pearl Harbor,
  • 15:23 - 15:26
    Japan was really kicking some butt.
  • 15:26 - 15:27
    They occupied all
  • 15:27 - 15:29
    the territory in the orange.
  • 15:29 - 15:31
    They invaded the Philippines,
  • 15:31 - 15:34
    Indonesia, and much of Asia.
  • 15:34 - 15:35
    The strategy of the United States in this
  • 15:35 - 15:37
    early period is called island hopping.
  • 15:37 - 15:39
    Basically, the goal is really simple,
  • 15:40 - 15:42
    you strategically win control over
  • 15:42 - 15:45
    territory to get closer to mainland Japan.
  • 15:45 - 15:47
    And the idea is you skip certain islands
  • 15:47 - 15:49
    that Japan occupied and, eventually,
  • 15:49 - 15:51
    the U.S. military would get close enough
  • 15:51 - 15:52
    where they could start
  • 15:52 - 15:54
    aerial bombing of Japan.
  • 15:55 - 15:57
    In July of 1945, at the Potsdam
  • 15:58 - 15:59
    Conference, you have another meeting.
  • 15:59 - 16:01
    By this point, the war in Europe is over,
  • 16:01 - 16:04
    Roosevelt has unfortunately passed away.
  • 16:04 - 16:06
    And Truman, the new president,
  • 16:06 - 16:08
    is meeting with Joseph Stalin, and they
  • 16:08 - 16:10
    agree on one very important thing
  • 16:11 - 16:11
    that you need to know about.
  • 16:12 - 16:14
    They said, "Japan, you need to surrender
  • 16:14 - 16:17
    unconditionally or you will be destroyed."
  • 16:17 - 16:19
    While at the Potsdam Conference,
  • 16:19 - 16:20
    Truman is informed
  • 16:20 - 16:22
    that the Manhattan Project had
  • 16:22 - 16:24
    successfully detonated the first atomic
  • 16:24 - 16:27
    bomb, and on August 6th, 1945,
  • 16:27 - 16:29
    the first atomic bomb dropped
  • 16:29 - 16:32
    on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
  • 16:32 - 16:33
    As planned and as promised
  • 16:33 - 16:36
    at the Yalta Conference, on August 8th,
  • 16:36 - 16:38
    the Soviet Union enters the war against
  • 16:38 - 16:40
    Japan, three months after Germany had
  • 16:40 - 16:41
    surrendered, and the next day,
  • 16:41 - 16:44
    on August 9th, the second atomic
  • 16:44 - 16:46
    bomb is dropped on Japan at Nagasaki.
  • 16:46 - 16:48
    Shortly thereafter, Japan does
  • 16:48 - 16:52
    surrender, and World War II ends.
  • 16:52 - 16:54
    The dropping of these two atomic bombs is
  • 16:54 - 16:56
    not without controversy, and it's important
  • 16:56 - 16:58
    you understand the different arguments for and against
  • 16:59 - 17:00
    the dropping of the bombs.
  • 17:00 - 17:03
    But key idea here, following World War II,
  • 17:03 - 17:05
    the U.S. will be the dominant political
  • 17:05 - 17:08
    and military country in the world.
  • 17:08 - 17:10
    Although we were isolationists when
  • 17:10 - 17:12
    World War II began,
  • 17:12 - 17:14
    at the end of World War II,
  • 17:14 - 17:16
    the United States is gonna play a key
  • 17:16 - 17:18
    role in the international community.
  • 17:18 - 17:19
    That's gonna do it for today.
  • 17:20 - 17:21
    If you haven't done so already,
  • 17:21 - 17:22
    make sure you subscribe.
  • 17:22 - 17:23
    If the video helped you out,
  • 17:23 - 17:24
    click Like and tell all your classmates.
  • 17:25 - 17:27
    There I am in Nagasaki taking a look
  • 17:27 - 17:29
    at a full-size model of the atomic bomb
  • 17:29 - 17:32
    that was dropped on the city of Nagasaki.
  • 17:32 - 17:33
    And as you can see,
  • 17:33 - 17:35
    next to my six-foot-five self,
  • 17:35 - 17:37
    it is quite a large bomb.
  • 17:38 - 17:39
    Until next time, thank you for watching.
  • 17:39 - 17:40
    Have a beautiful day.
  • 17:40 - 17:41
    Peace.
Title:
American Pageant Chapter 34 APUSH Review
Description:

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Video Language:
English
Team:
BYU Continuing Education
Project:
APHIST-062(BYUIS)
Duration:
17:41
abunn edited English subtitles for American Pageant Chapter 34 APUSH Review May 24, 2025, 6:40 AM

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