apt, dpkg, git, Python PiP (Linux Package Management) // Linux for Hackers // EP 5

So how do you install stuff on Linux?

Like if you want to install

software, programs, or packing tools, what

do you do?

If you're fairly new to Linux, you might

be a bit lost. Don't worry,

I got you. In this video, I'm going to

show you how to install pretty much

anything on Linux. Everything from common

tools that everyone uses to even some

custom hacking stuff that other hackers

create

you can download on GitHub. How do you do

all that? Let's get started.

[Music]

This is episode 5 of Linux for hackers

and everyone because

everyone needs to learn Linux. In this

episode, we're covering Linux package

management or basically how do you

manage all the software and the programs

on your Linux machine? And I'm going to

do my best to cover pretty much

everything, so if you're looking for any

particular way to install something,

check the timestamps, jump to it.

Also, I want you to do this with me. Every

command I type, everything I

install, do it with me. The best way to

learn anything is hands-on,

especially Linux, and you can do that for

free

right now thanks to our sponsor Hack The

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yeah, just do it, just do it. Also what the

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get your pwn box ready,

grab your cup of coffee, what are you

drinking? I'm drinking

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started. Oh, and by the way,

have you hacked the YouTube algorithm

today? Let's make sure you do. Like this

video, comment, subscribe, notification

bell.

Let's hack YouTube today ethically, of

course. [Sips Coffee]

Oh, let's get started. Okay, as always, get

logged in to Hack The Box Academy and

launch the

Linux fundamentals module right here. And

today we're going to be focusing on

package management which is right around

here. So go ahead and click on that. Now

again, freaking fantastic stuff right

here, but the stuff you want to look at

right now with me as you follow along

this video

is right around here. Scroll down, click

on start instance to start your killer

awesome pwn box.

And while that's brewing, perfect time

for a coffee break. [Sips Coffee]

And mine is ready. I want to jump in

there and get this party started. So in

Linux, the stuff we want to install,

our apps, our programs, like you know,

Discord or Firefox or

Minecraft. Anything that we want to install, it's

contained in something called

packages. We install packages. Packages

are the thing. Packages, packages, packages.

Sorry, I've already had too much coffee

today. [Laughs]

No such thing as too much. How do we

install these packages?

Well, as you may have guessed from the

intro, it's something called a package

manager. Now there isn't just one package

manager. Of course, there's not just one.

It wouldn't be that

simple, right? It's not. There are two main

ones we see all the time though. One is

called dpkg

or d package, that's the way I like to

say it. The other you'll see all the time

is apt,

apt. Now, I'll go ahead and get this out

of the way. Apt is awesome,

it's super easy to do. You can install

things in a flash, no worries. But I'm not

going to show you that one just yet. You

got to earn that, you got to pay your

dues. I'm going to show you the harder

way first so you can appreciate

what this is and what it does for us.

Don't you want to do that? Yes. I'm

answering for you. So first, I want to

show you

d package or dpkg, I said it right that

time. Now, I say hard, it's not too crazy,

but it does look stupid compared to apt.

It's referred to as a

low-level package manager because it's

kind of and this is my opinion,

kind of dumb. I mean, sure, it'll do the

job. It'll install your software. It'll

install your packages.

It'll uninstall or remove them, but it

has two major,

huge flaws that I hate. So let's go ahead

and launch our terminal, our shell,

the green or yellow thing up here, and

we're gonna install our first

application,

Discord. And it's gonna be hard, it's

gonna be difficult because we're using

the more difficult way of doing this.

And already, we've hit our first flaw

because to install Discord, we have to

go

find it and download the package. So

let's go ahead and launch our web

browser. We'll go to discord.com.

Click on the little side panel over here,

and click on

download. We'll scroll down and right

here we have download for

Linux. Click on that. That's going to say

deb, who's deb?

I'll explain here in a minute. Click on

deb. Now, instead of open with, I want you

to do save

file, just work with me here. Click on

that, save file, and then click ok. And it

should go pretty stinking quick. So now

we can close Firefox

and get back to where we love being, our

terminal, our bash shell,

yes. First thing we want to do is get to

our downloads folder. If we type in ls to

list our contents of our stuff here, we

have a downloads folder, let's cd to that.

So cd

downloads. Type in ls to see what's

inside. And there's our Discord right

there.

Our Discord Debby. When you see .deb, that's

the file extension for

packages in Linux, specifically Debian

based,

which is what we're on right now. We're

using Parrot OS which is a Debian-based

system.

It's sort of like .exe you see on

Windows and

.dmg you see with Mac. Now, if you do

happen to be on another Linux system

that's maybe not debian-based,

maybe it's CentOS, maybe it's openSUSE,

Red Hat, instead of .deb, you'll see .rpm, but

we're not going to cover that today.

We're going to cover

debian-based systems. So how do we

install deb here,

our Discord server or not server, our

Discord application. It's pretty

straightforward actually. We'll type in

dee pay,

dee pay, I'll never get this right. Dpkg

for d package. We'll do a dash 'i' for

install, and then we'll specify our

package. There it is, that simple. But no

it's not, though.

No, you can do this, but it's going to

fail. Let's do it anyway. This is going to

reveal the second major flaw with d

package. Oh wait, that wasn't it. We do

need sudo

privileges. If you don't know what sudo

means, go watch episode four. So sudo

d package, let's do that now. Flaw coming.

So far so good. Looking good, right?

Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, error. I hate seeing

errors.

Problems, more specifically, dependency

problems. And that's

the second major flaw with d package. You

see, most packages in Linux, they depend

on

other packages to work. For example,

Discord here, if I scroll up a bit, Discord

depends on the

libappindicator1, which is not

installed, and the

libc++1, and it's not

installed. Those are two packages that

have to be installed for Discord to work.

So d package, the dummy is like

hey, yeah sure, I'll install Discord for

you, but it needs two other things, and

it's just not gonna work, sorry. You

need to go get those two other things

yourself. Okay, lazy. So yeah, sure, we could

go out and find these and

install it using d package, but that's

stupid. And this is where apt

shines, it's better. Let's talk about apt.

Apt is beautiful, and if you've ever

installed anything on Linux, any kind of

debian-based system, you've probably used

apt

before. It stands for advanced package

tool, and when comparing that to d

package, duh, it's advanced. D package is

stupid.

Anyways, it has its place. Sometimes you

may have to install something manually

with a

.deb file, whatever, we'll get to that, why

that is in a second.

Coffee break for a second, real quick. [Sips Coffee]

So let's install something with apt. Now,

first thing we're going to do real quick,

new command time. We'll do sudo apt

and we'll do the command update. I'll

explain that here in a moment, just go

ahead and do it. Let it do its thing.

Now time to install something, so do sudo

apt.

This time, instead of update, we'll do

install, and then we'll just

name the program or package we want to

install. I'm going to install an old

favorite,

pidgin. Remember pidgin? The open

source instant messaging app. [Laughs]

So instead of having to specify the .deb

file, instead of talking to deb, all we

have to do is reference the package name

which is pidgin and that's it. Now, it's

not going to work.

And it's not his fault. It's actually d

package's fault, I'll show you. Apt was

smart. It went out and found everything,

but then it's like whoa, whoa,

hold on, Discord, we noticed that it's

kind of broken, we don't have the

dependencies

of the lib indicator and the c++.

You might want to fix that. Dumb old d

package, but it even gives us a way to

fix it. Apt

fix broken install. It'll fix Discord

for us, so let's do that real quick. I'm

just going to copy that command.

Apt fix broken install. Let's paste

that in there. I'll do a control 'a' to get

to the front of my command and type in

sudo right before it.

And let's fix some Discord. It's

going to install those two packages.

Hit enter. Thank you, apt. So it fixed that.

I'm going to clear my screen, and let's

try to install Pidgin once more.

Up arrow twice or three times, four times.

There we go. And let's hit enter on

Pidgin right now. Now, real quick before I

hit enter to say yeah, let's continue

this, let's scroll just a little bit here.

Notice it's not only installing Pidgin,

super smart, amazing apt goes oh,

hey, we have some dependencies. The

following new packages will also be

installed as well.

And it's kind of a lot right, but it's

going to do it for us, which is what you

expect. That's like- you

want that to happen. So let's

go ahead and do that, hit enter. Coffee

break.

Very short, I love this. Actually long

coffee break, it's kind of long, isn't it?

And that was it. I want to try launching

Pidgin just by typing in Pidgin. [Laughs]

Look at that. I'm not going to use it, but

that was pretty cool, right? Way easier

than d-package. Now, I'm not sure if I

mentioned this before, but apt is a

high-level

package manager, which basically means

it's easier for us to use. Now, one of the

main differences between itself

and d-package is that d-package required

us to download the

.deb file, the actual package file. Apt

doesn't

need that or use that. As you saw in our

example, apt just needed the

package name, but how does that work? Apt

will rely on a thing called a repository.

A repository is basically a storage

location or essentially just someone's

server

that has a collection of all the

software that we might want to use. The

most common stuff anyway. So when we

typed in apt

install pidgin, apt went out to his

repository and goes hey, where's this

pidgin thing at? You got it? And the

repository said yep,

here it is, go ahead and download it, it's

good. And going back to that first

command we entered, what was it? Do you

know what it was?

The first command was apt update, and

what that did is apt

went out to the repository and said hey,

give me all those packages, what you got

there? I want a list of everything you

have.

And the repository replies with a list of

everything he has. And by the way, this is

something you want to do

every time you install something. Before

you say apt install whatever tool you

want to install,

do apt update to update your list of

stuff

because these repositories are owned by

someone else and they're regularly

updated. There are a lot of repositories

out there, which

ones are we using? Well, let me show you.

There's an easy way to do this, and we'll

use the apt command here as well.

New command time. The command will be- and

we're going to always start with sudo,

apt space edit dash sources,

and hit enter. And it's so nice, it asks

us what text editor we want to use.

Nano, my favorite one, I don't care. Now,

Parrot pulls like a bait and switch.

Normally you'll have your list of

repositories in this file. Parrot's like

nah,

nah, nah, we put our stuff somewhere else.

It tells us the parrot repo is located

at this location right here, so I want to

do right now is just

highlight that, copy it, go ahead and do

that with me.

Let's control x to get out of this file,

and we're going to

cat that file. So I'll type in cat. Paste

that file there, and hit enter.

I must have not highlighted the entire

thing, yeah, it's parrot dot list. Oh yeah,

I've forgot the list, dot list.

Dot list, there we go. And actually

instead of cat, let's go ahead and just

nano that. So I'll do sudo nano just so

we can see it a bit cleaner I think.

Dot list, yeah, that's better. So right

here we have a list of servers or

repositories

that apt will look to to pull packages

from.

Notice it does have the deb preface

before it, and what do you say we go

check it out real quick? We can actually

just click on that link here,

control click. Yeah that's what it was, control

and click. We're browsing the repository.

So if I jump into the pool directory

right here, go to let's say the main

directory. We got a bunch of stuff in

here.

Let's go to the n's, let's go to

n. And look,

there's nmap right there in the

repository. So when you do sudo apt

install

nmap, it looks at that repository and

goes oh, there it is,

let's pull that down. Now, sometimes the

tool you want to install is not in these

repositories. Like for example, this is

the one that's provided by Parrot OS.

What do you do then? Well most of the

time, these tools will have an

alternative way to install it. We'll

cover that here in a moment.

Or they'll have their own repositories

that you can add to the sources list.

They'll document it for you. They'll say hey,

here's our source. Add that to your

sources list, do a sudo apt

update, sudo apt install, you're solid.

Now, you're ready?

New commands with an 's' time. Apt has some

cool stuff we can do with it.

Now, first always you can do sudo apt dash h-

what the heck am I doing here?

It'll tell you some stuff you can play

with, some of those switches you can use.

Let's walk through a few real quick.

Sudo apt list will list all the

available packages in your-

I can't talk, repositories. You can

also do apt

list dash dash installed to see what

your system is installed with, very handy.

If you want to search through that list,

just do a pipe at the end of that.

Pipe, type in grep, we'll explain that

sometime in another episode, and then

just

search for something, like let's search

for, let's say, anything that begins with

nmap. And there it is. Nmap is installed

right there. Let's say you want to learn

more about what tools you have installed,

like what the junk

is that, what does it do? You can do

sudo apt

show or show me what it is, let's just

say nmap.

Show nmap, and it'll dang tell you. The

network mapper, and it tells you all

about it. You can also do

apt search, and let's just say again, nmap.

And it's going to search through the

description of a lot of stuff

and show you all the stuff, and that's an

easy way to search through a bunch of

packages. Now, we covered how to install

packages, but how do we remove stuff, how

do we uninstall something?

Two ways. Apt is still the guy for this.

So sudo apt,

new command time, remove. Pretty

self-explanatory. So if you wanted to

remove

Pidgin, just type that in, hit enter, and

it's going to say whoa, whoa, whoa,

are you sure? And I'm going to say no, not

right now because I got more to tell you.

Remove is kind of a safe command because

it will remove the application, but not

your user data. Basically the config you

might have put into the application. So

if you removed it accidentally or you

want to reinstall it, all that stuff will

still be there. Now, if you're confident

you don't want this dumb app anymore, you

want it gone, you can use a different

command, the purge.

So we'll swap out remove for purge. This

sounds so intense. We're gonna purge

Pidgin. This will remove

everything. And let's go ahead and do

that. So if we do our command that we

learned earlier,

sudo apt list dash dash

installed, we'll grep for anything that

begins with

Pidgin. So it did remove the main package,

but not this secondary one, the Pidgin

data. So I want to remove that real quick.

Let's purge Pidgin data. Let's see if

Pidgin is here now.

No Pidgin here. All right, two more useful

commands with apt.

First sudo apt upgrade. As you might

imagine, sometimes your applications, your

packages

get updates. You would hope they get

updates, and this is the way to update

those packages. Now, normally you'll see

this

command combined with the update command.

So you might see it like this: sudo apt

update to go to the repository and say

repository,

can you tell me if the packages have

been updated, otherwise you wouldn't know

about it, right? So update that and then you'll

see an '&&',

which allows us to do two commands in

one line which is awesome. Sudo apt

upgrade. So check the repository and then

update everything. Now, there is another

version of this. Now, upgrade will just

upgrade your applications if they need

upgrading. Another one is full dash

upgrade.

Full upgrade will actually remove

previously installed applications

or packages that aren't required for the

upgrade, so maybe old versions of things.

Now, I do want to jump back to our old

guy d package real quick.

He does a lot of the stuff too. I'm not

going to go over everything, but just

giving an example.

Dpkg, if I do a dash 'l',

he'll also list all the install packages

on your system. I can do the same thing

as I did before with

mr apt by grepping his stuff and looking

for

anything that starts with nmap. That

didn't work, let's just try nmap.

There we go, and again, it has a lot of

the same switches and features. I'm not

going to do that again. So d package,

low-level, stupid. Apt, high-level, awesome.

But there's also one other thing worth

mentioning.

It's something called aptitude, which

starts with apt,

but just has a full word to it. This also

is high-level,

but it's sort of like apt on steroids a

bit, it does more. Now, I'm not going to go

too deep into it, but just give you an

example of what it might do, let's just

type in

aptitude- actually, I'll do sudo aptitude.

Just type that in just like that and hit enter.

Oh, fancy.

You kind of get a nice little

interactive GUI thing in your command

line. So that's fun. Anyways, I'm going to

quit, but that's also a package manager

that's high-level

that will get the job done for you. Now, I

told you, installing stuff in Linux

can be very easy, but there's a lot of

ways to do it. One very popular way that

I personally think is amazing

is called snap. Now, not like the previous

episode where Thanos

destroys users and stuff. No, no. This

thing called snap is also kind of a

package manager. When you install it if

you don't already have it installed, it's

actually called snapd.

But snap isn't really a

repository, it's more of like a store,

a snap store. And it works very similarly

to apt as far as actually using the

command line.

But the main difference here is that

when let's say you're a developer and

you make your app,

and you want people to be able to

install it easily right now on any Linux

system. It might take some time to get

your

app on a repository, especially one

that's already existing on the system

like Ubuntu's, ParrotOS's, Kali's, whatever.

A better way is to be able to add your

app to a store,

and then it becomes immediately

available just like in a snap, right? Is

that why it's called that? I don't know.

So that's what snap is for. They can add

their app to the snap store,

and it's available in a snap, right? [Laughs]

I don't know, so it's pretty easy, check

it out. So if you don't- again, if you

don't already have snap installed,

we do on the system, but you'd just do apt

install snapd.

You would- [Laughs] You would use apt to install

another package manager.

But anyways, a lot of the modern apps do

this. So let's install something like

I don't know, VS Code. I love VS Code.

It's my favorite IDE, code editor, whatever it

is,

whatever you want to call it. So let's

try sudo snap. This is all it is. It's

just like apt. Install and then your app.

Now, for VS Code, they do require the dash

dash classic

switch, but then we just put in the

package name, which in this case will be

code for VS Code, and that's it, just

press enter.

And it's going to start doing it. Snapd

going at it. Coffee break. [Sips Coffee]

Oh coffee's cold, I've been doing this

too long. And bam, it's installed. If i

just type in

code, I think, it should launch, I think.

Yeah, there it is.

Okay. So snap is pretty cool. I can see

this being one of the main ways we get

our apps now.

No, we're not quite done yet. There's more

ways to get

apps in Linux. Now, we've covered the main

ways, but the next few ways are

interesting because they're based on

Python and Ruby and more like

specific to a programming language. What

do I mean? Well, for example, when you run

a Python script,

there may be some specific dependencies

it needs, certain libraries, certain just

things that help it to work

or, you know, packages. Python has its own

package manager called

pip. We absolutely will be using this in

a moment when we

talk about Git so bu-

I almost said button your seat belts.

Buckle your seat belts unless your seat

belts have buttons, I don't know, that's

weird. Another one

would be Ruby. Ruby's a programming

language that's very popular.

And that will use a package manager

called RubyGems.

And the command you actually use is

called gems. You'll use gem

install, so similar syntax as every other

package manager we've seen,

but it's specific to Ruby. So you might

install rails. Never heard of Ruby on

Rails?

Well, you would actually do gem install

rails to, you know, mess with the rails.

But now, let's get to Git. Get to Git, okay.

Let's get it. I use

GitHub all the time to install hacking

scripts,

scripts that other hackers might create.

And they're amazing, they help you do all

kinds of amazing things. In fact, I've

done a number of tutorials that involve

using Git to go off to GitHub and grab

the information so you can use it on

your system.

But how do you do that? Now, first, a

requirement is that you would need to

have a Git

installed. So use your favorite package

manager, we've already learned about this.

Sudo apt install git. Now, thankfully we

already have Git installed on our system.

How do you-

yeah, quiz. How do you see that?

Comment below. What's the command? So here

we go a scenario. Let's say you find this

amazing hacking tool.

There's one I actually found, it's pretty

neat. Let's go look at it right now. It's

called

turbolist3r, and what it will do is look

at a website and list all the sub

domains of that website. It'll go and

do it in kind of a passive way, very cool.

But here I am on GitHub, and I want to

use this tool, but

what do I do? Let's do it. So the first

thing you'll do is kind of just

get the URL at the top here. So it's

github.com/fleetcaptain/turbolist3r,

I'll put a link in the description. I'm

just gonna grab that link,

and that's the repository link. So copy

that, I'll go over here and the command

will be

get clone, we're gonna clone that

repository. We're basically taking their

code

and copying it to our Linux machine here

which is super cool.

So I'm going to paste that URL right

after clone.

And that's it. It's going to do something

really cool, you ready? And also, it's

going to clone it to whatever

directory I'm in, the working directory.

So right now you can see I'm in

downloads. So I'm going to hit enter,

and it did it. That's so cool. So if I do

ls to list the contents of my current

directory,

there she is, turbolist3r ready to go.

So I'm gonna cd into turbolist3r, the

directory there.

Type in ls to see what's inside there,

and I've got a few things going on. Now,

specifically to this project, it's a

Python project,

and to use this tool, I would use this

Python script right here, turbolist3r.py.

But there's one big thing. Before we

can do that,

just like every other application we

install on our system, just like any

script you might use in Python,

there are some requirements that we have

to meet. We have to make sure we have the

Python libraries and packages installed

to make this thing work.

Now,, if only there were a tool that could

help us do that. What do you think it is?

It's pip. So right here while we're in

this directory, we can actually just

very quickly install all the

requirements. Let me show you the command.

The command will be

pip3. Now, I'm saying pip3 because

we're actually using Python three

versus python two, which would use just

the command pip. So Python three,

pip3. Pip3 install

dash 'r', and then we'll put in

requirements.txt.

So with this command, pip3 is going to go

huh, let's look inside

the requirements.txt file, which is right

here, and see what dependencies this

script needs. It'll go through it,

install them, and then we're ready to go.

So let's try it. I'm going to go ahead

and hit enter on this.

And fingers crossed, coffee break, oh that

was quick man, and let me tell you

something.

That was pretty much it. Like as far as

downloading a script or

an application or a hacking tool from

GitHub, you download the repository,

you install the requirements, then you

run the thing. You run the script.

Let's just do it real quick. So the

command will be for this

python3, and then the script name which

was turbolist3r, yeah there it was. Now, like

most things, if you don't know what to do,

just type in dash

'h', and it will give you some help. But I

know what I want to do real quick.

I'm going to do dash 'd' for domain. And let's take

a look at Hack The Box's subdomains,

hackthebox.eu and hit enter.

Now, one thing I love about all these

scripting tools is that they have, you

know, some really cool ASCII script up

here, making it look really neat. But

anyways, it's going to go through all

these things and try to find the

subdomains of hackthebox.eu, which by the

way, is what we're using right now.

So it's kind of fun, inception. We're

attacking from the inside.

We're not attacking. It's just

passive reconnaissance. And

bam, there it is. Look at that. All these

sub domains have hackthebox. That's

kind of cool, right?

They have a lot. Goodness gracious. Now,

that was

a lot. We covered how to install stuff

in Linux and also remove it and all

kinds of stuff.

So real quick, quick review. 1000 foot

look at this.

The two main ways we install stuff on

Linux is with our package managers

d package or apt. D-package being the

low-level, dumb version, and apt being

high-level

and it's awesome, whereas d-package

requires you to download the dot

deb file, deb, hi deb. And then it also doesn't

install dependencies for you, what at

loser.

But apt, it just looks at a repository

when you reference a package, like hey,

install docker for me please, and it goes

out and gets it for us.

And it also installs all dependencies it

might need because packages need

packages on packages on packages.

There's a fancier version called

aptitude, which looks really cool.

I've never played with it, but it looks

fun. And then there's snap, which I think

is the best out of all of them because

the developers can just upload their new

applications they code

straight to a store, and you can just get

it in a snap

with the snap install command. And it

does work in a similar way to apt

except it's not looking at a repository

to pull information, it's looking at a

store. And then we had our programming

language-specific package managers. Now,

this is not exhaustive, but the main

ones we see right now are Python with

this pip or pip3 for Python 3.

Ruby has gem or that's the tool, it's

actually called RubyGems, and again, these

are both handy for installing

programming language-specific packages

to help you run your scripts and

apps. And then last but certainly not

least, we have Git.

It's a command line tool we can install

with another package manager like apt,

apt install git. And what Git allows us

to do is pull down stuff from places

like GitHub, which also is itself a

repository.

Don't get confused. So we demonstrated

how you might find an amazing hacking

tool that a hacker

another hacker developed, and you would

use Git to go get

that tool, download it to your Linux

machine, and in this case, we were using

a Python script, so we used pip3 to

install the requirements for that

because it did have some requirements.

And then we used that amazing turbo

list3r tool to

list sub-domains, super fun. So yeah, that

was a lot.

Let me know what you think of this video.

If you have any questions or comments or

anything, just comment below. I'll take a

look.

And also let's see how you did, like as

you went through this and you learned,

you took notes and practiced, you got

hands-on,

let's test your skills. I've got a quiz

in the link below. I also have a

walkthrough lab you can go through as

well to kind of reinforce these things.

Check it out, free sign up, no big deal.

And of course, sign up for Hack The Box

Academy dude. What we're doing here is

completely free,

and if you want to go down further and

become an even better hacker and

learn other stuff,

like hacking WordPress and all kinds of

weird things, you can subscribe as a

regular person or as a student,

and just do it. And yeah, that's

about it. This was episode 5

of Linux for hackers and everyone

because dude, everyone's got to learn

Linux.

And also, if you like this shirt, which is

a raspberry pi blueprint

or this mug, go check out my store

networkchuck.coffee. You can get all this

merch as well as

coffee of course, and yeah, seriously,

that's all I have today.

Thanks guys for watching this.

Continue the next episode if it's

already out, which it should be

hopefully. If not, well subscribe and hit

that notification bell because it'll

come out any day now, you never know.

Yeah, I'll catch you guys next time

[Music]