Trump, Ukraine and the Myth of a Democratic EU | Jorge Tamames Interview

[Tiare] Hello and welcome
to the channel of DiEM25.

Today we are joined by
Jorge Tamames.

He has a PhD from
University College

Dublin and currently teaches European

Political Economy at the

University Carlos III of Madrid.

Jorge, thank you so much
for joining us today.

How are you doing?

[Jorge] My pleasure.

Thanks for having me.

All is good here.

Rainy day in Madrid.

Rainy month, actually.

[Tiare] Yeah, we're both
from Madrid, actually,

so we've had two madrileños in a row.

I want to start talking about the

joint press conference with President Volodymyr

and President Donald Trump

that we recently saw
because what we want to

touch upon today mainly is the

geopolitical tensions that
are currently happening

especially within Europe and
in relation to Ukraine.

And obviously we
need to talk about

this joint press conference.

This event saw the Ukrainian and American

leaders confront each other
in a blow-up

that ushers in a new phase of the

war in Ukraine, one under
a Trump presidency.

And I was wondering,
what do you make

of the apparent antagonism
between the two leaders?

[Jorge] Well, the first thing
that I'll say is

that I had to watch the clip several

times and this is not
something that I usually do.

My background is
in foreign affairs.

I studied international relations.

I worked at a foreign policy journal

in a think tank for a while,

so this is sort of my
bread and butter.

And I had never seen an
exchange on that level.

Just the humiliation
of a guest who is

also a head of state
in the White House

in front of the press,

with the press participating in it.

I was shocked and I am not usually

one to be sort of shocked.

Trump has always generated this sort of

sometimes a bit prudish reaction

regarding: oh, he doesn't respect norms.

He doesn't respect due process.

He's like this vulgar guy.

And I usually don't have
much patience for that,

but I was surprised.

I think on a formal level, it was

just something very different to watch.

And I think, I guess it goes to

the differences between his first

administration and the second one.

This is the kind of thing
you would have not

seen in the first
Trump White House

because at the end of the day,
he had to rely on a lot of

people who were not Trump world

characters like he has
around him now, right?

These were more standard
Republican operators.

Rex Tillerson, the guy who first ran his

department of state, was a guy who came

from the big oil industry.

So the more standard profiles you

would see in a normal
Republican administration.

So in a way, I had this feeling

that this was new ground.

This entire concern
with Trump in the way

that he doesn't respect the
way things are usually done

and so forth,
I found myself

taking it a bit more seriously in

the last two months
than I did in the past.

Now, the question,
what do I think

it represented in terms
of the substance?

I'm not sure to what extent
this style is going to work

for this administration
or not.

And what I mean by that is

I think it was very counterproductive

in terms of, Trump has been
extraordinarily successful in

galvanising the EU to become

independent or become
more autonomous

from the U.S. with events
like this one

or like J.D. Vance's visit in

the Munich Security Conference,
right.

And this is something that was not on

the menu two months ago.

So the future German Chancellor Merz,

when he was running
for office,

his whole deal was:
Oh no, we're going to get

along pretty well with Trump.

We'll be able to reach some deals.

He's not our favourite guy,
but we can

actually live with this guy.

We'll be pragmatic.

And on election night, he said:

My first concern is to become
independent from the US.

So I think this has been

the first effect of this
change in forms

rather than substance,
because in terms

of the substance, this is
the stuff he ran on.

Well, the UK stuff,
not other stuff that

he's actually pushing
and we can talk about it.

But yeah, that's my reading of

the whole scene.

At first I was shocked.

And then looking at the reaction

I think, maybe they're
not reading the room correctly.

I don't mean the room of the
meeting in which it took place,

but the broader room of
the way Europeans are

going to react,
public opinion in Ukraine

might shift or not.

Ultimately whether Russia

will actually pick up on the deal

that is being offered to
them at this point.

[Tiare] Right, just to check your
thoughts on another

important point related to this newly

Trump administration era

the United States and Ukraine
plan to sign a minerals deal,

which has seen much controversy.

According to the deal, Ukraine will

contribute 50% of future proceeds

from state owned mineral resources,

oil and gas to an investment fund,

which will then invest
to promote the safety,

security and prosperity of Ukraine.

This deal appears to imply that private

companies will need
to get involved in

the mining process within the vague

information that we have been
receiving about this deal.

Do you believe,
given what we know

do you believe it can
be perceived as simply

laying bare the
American interest in

exploiting Ukrainian
natural resources

for the benefit of the
American capitalist class?

Is there anything in this for
working class Americans?

[Jorge] OK, so let's start
with the last part.

Is there something in this for
working class Americans?

I'd say no.

On the face of it, there
doesn't seem to be much.

I can have some sympathy
for the people

who voted for the first
Trump term, right,

with a working class background,

expecting to get sort of a better deal

than what was being offered

by Hillary Clinton in 2017.

But at this point,
I think with Trump,

you sort of know what you're
getting to an extent.

I'll qualify that a bit further on.

But in terms of what is the

American working class
getting out of this deal

I don't know if this deal
is viable at all.

So sometimes it's
hard to take these

announcements on their face.

And usually they create outrage

of course, because it
looks like a shakeup

and it seems to be a shakeup in

exchange for some very
dubious security guarantees.

Now, I'm not an expert in rare earth

or their processing
or critical minerals.

So take this with a grain of salt,

pun unintended.

But from what I've read,
it seems like

a lot of these rare earths

come from old maps
from back in the

Soviet Union in the
70s and 80s.

It's not sure whether
they can be mined

or they're economically
viable as of today.

A lot of the places that have to

be mined are where the fighting

is taking place.

So none of that was
a problem because

you even managed
to get a peace deal.

So then presumably
you'd get American

companies that go there and
invest in the mining process, right?

Mining is an economic sector that

requires a lot of
capital investment,

long time horizons
before you can get

credit on your investment

and a very stable, judicial
and regulatory framework.

These are not things
you're going to

be getting right now
in the Donbass region

of Ukraine or even in Ukraine

or the full Russian occupied areas.

So I don't see how this deal amounts

to much other than
something that

Trump can announce
and feel happy about.

I think here the
experience of his

first term in office
is instructive.

We saw a lot of this during
the first Trump term.

So that's my general
read on the deal.

So then it seems like it
doesn't make much sense.

But one of the
interpretations I've heard

was that rather than coming

from the White House,
it was something

that the Ukrainians and Zelensky
pitched to Donald Trump.

Again, if that is the case,

that seems to me a
sort of genius move

to present him with
a deal that he likes

and that is going to create some
shock and some support,

but there's very little
workable substance behind it.

But ultimately,
we'll have to wait and see.

But I don't think this deal as
of now leading anywhere.

[Tiare] Yeah,
I don't know.

I just personally felt like this was

just something, it's like:

Well, we should have known

if the U.S. is after anything or the EU.

Now we're going to get to that.

But if after anything would end up

be exploiting natural resources.

I think if we look at the history of

the wars, especially that the U.S

has enjoyed joining and pushing for.

I mean, I don't know.

I just I was quite
shocked that anyone

would be shocked at the U.S.

pursuing that kind of interest.

[Jorge] I was also
shocked because this

was nowhere on the cards
during the campaign. right?

[Tiare] Yeah.

[Jorge] Unless I'm much mistaken.

I don't remember hearing
about this at all

throughout the past year.

Maybe I'm wrong, but I'm getting the
sense and this is something

I think is worth keeping in mind

because the pace
of announcements from

this administration in
the first month and a half

has been so overwhelming.

Sometimes it's just
almost unavoidable

that you feel sort of demoralised

and overwhelmed and you don't even
have a grip on what is happening.

I think at points like that,
it's worth keeping in mind

these guys won an election
for a variety of reasons

But an important one
was that there was

a critical mass of
Americans who thought

that prices were too high
and eggs were too expensive.

So, you can say these were
like 'economic anxiety' voters.

who voted because they

thought they were getting
a lousy deal with Biden.

And the Trump campaign
did make a lot

of emphasis on prices being
too high throughout the campaign.

So those people voted
with that in their mind.

And what they got is a minerals deal

invading the Panama Canal.

Canada should be the 51st state

and we should also own
Greenland.

I don't see how that is working very

well for your working class

economic anxiety Trump voter
in the long term.

I don't think it's working for
the stock market either.

Your traditional Republican

who's just hoping
to get a good return

on his investments from
the Trump presidency

like happened last time

when the stock market
was booming.

So I don't want to
be too mechanistic and say:

Oh, the economy doesn't work
so he'll run into trouble.

But it's worth keeping in
mind that we're getting

announcements of
different deals every day,

but he's not delivering on the

basic deal that won
the election for him.

Honestly, like I don't think a Trump

presidency works for anyone,
obviously

not the working class,
but also the vast

parts of the capitalist class.

I don't think or especially the

professional managerial class.

I don't think they're
excited to have him.

Hence Trump derangement
syndrome.

Like I believe that is
absolutely a thing.

I wanted to ask you at the beginning

of this month of March,
Trump halted

military aid to Ukraine,
a cut that then

expanded to include
all military intelligence

while acknowledging Russia's

guilt in illegally invading
a sovereign country..

We will probably agree that finding

a diplomatic solution that seeks to

de-escalate the military
conflict should be prioritised.

Do you believe these
steps taken by

President Trump bear any
positive aspects at all

or are they counterproductive
to the sense?

Well, I'm going to give you my easy

answer, sort of a cop out.

But I do think it's too soon to tell

because we don't know if this deal

at this stage, this compromise
has buy in from the Russians.

What we know is
that the Ukrainian side

has sort of been strong armed
to the negotiating table.

Now, I think if you look at this war

none of the sides were going to

get what they wanted originally.

So Russia wanted to
topple the entirety

of the Ukrainian government,

to march to Kiev, to install
a puppet regime,

and to annex the four regions

that it proclaimed
are part of new Russia.

This is a term they used
to refer to them.

And then on the Ukrainian
side, at one point

there was even talk of launching

an offensive and being
able to retake Crimea.

This was really always,
always a far-fetched idea.

So neither side got what it
originally wanted from this war.

And so sooner or later,

you're going to have
a negotiation, right?

Now, the question is,
what does that

negotiation actually look like?

If you had a peace settlement now,

where Ukraine was forced to
make a lot of concessions

and really, the underlying

issue was never resolved

and there's hostility
between Ukraine and Russia,

you'd basically have a rerun of the

Minsk 1 and 2 accords after 2014, right?

So I think you could envision a scenario

in which you say:
Oh, well, you know,

you reach some sort
of deal that at this point,

t,it seems like will please the

Russian side much more so
than the Ukrainian one.

Although it is worth
keeping in mind two things

one that a couple months ago

if you looked at polling,

public opinion polling in Ukraine,

there was a plurality or a slim majority

of people who said:
yeah, we want a deal,

we hope we can get on with Trump.

That has changed slightly, I think,

because of the systematic humiliations

that Trump has visited upon

Ukraine's leadership
and Ukrainians in general.

And I think now that
their resolve is hardening.

So again, that's another example of this

administration being very
counterproductive.

But if you assume that there's

the space for making a deal, fine.

The question is, what happens
the day after that?

If we have the precedent
of 2014 leading to 2022,

then how do you avoid having

a deal reached today leading to another conflict

five years down the line or
seven years down the line, right?

So I think that's the big question that

we really should be thinking about

what's going to happen after that deal.

I do want to ask you about

what you think would be

the best case scenario,
the best solution, if you will.

But first, I want to discuss
the European side of this.

This month has also seen
Ursula von der Leyen

unveil a plan to rearm Europe,

announcing we are in
an era of rearmament.

This includes defence investment loans

to member states, use of the EU budget

to direct more funds
towards defence related

investments and deploying
private capital.

.

How do you regard this initiative?

I'll say a couple of things
about it that

I think are good, because then

I have several misgivings

that I want to explore it at night.

I think to some extent, it is better than

the alternative of what Trump was

proposing, right, which was that each

European state raise defence
spending to 5% of GDP.

And it's good in that it takes the

EU as the political subject that needs

to make these decisions.

So it's not NATO, which at this point iz

becoming more and more

dysfunctional with each passing day, right?

So it's the EU that needs to take

its own defence seriously and become

autonomous at a time when it's being

threatened by both
Trump and Putin, right?

So that's what I think is good about the deal.

And the fact that is

the approach is sort of ambition when you

look at, well, not exactly the scale of

billions that is mobilised, because here

there's always a bit of creative accounting

that we're used to see
from Brussels, right?

So I think if you compare it to
next generation EU,

it's lacking in that respect.

But when you take into

consideration the fact that it's

happening at the same
time as Germany,

for example, reforms its debt rate,

right, the constitutional amendment,

and makes it more flexible,

that just happened today,
then you get a sense

that there's an ambition to match

what otherwise would be
just like lofty declarations.

So what I think is more problematic about

it is that it basically thinks
about European defence.

And what they do is like you start

with what you have, and you work
towards the number, right?

This is the way that all
these discussions unfold.

So what do you have is, European

defence, when you look at overall

spending numbers, it's not
actually a small number.

we're used to thinking that
Europe doesn't spend, that

the EU doesn't spend
enough on defence.

And when you look at the aggregate numbers

depending on the metrics you use

but we do spend several times more

than Russia does.

And if you also take the UK into

consideration, right, sort of these

like minded allies, then you have almost

twice the defence budget of China.

So that's not an insignificant
number by any means.

The problem is, and you know, this is

sort of well known by now that it's

extraordinarily inefficient,

because it's fragmented
and 27 different armies.

And so you don't generate
economies of scale.

You don't generate the investment

you would need to have a

competitive defence industry that spans

the entire union and so forth.

So the problem that I see is what

this programme does is mainly it focusses on

national defence budgets and says:

yeah, you can raise them,
we expect to get 650

I think it's 600, 650 billion
euros out of that.

And we will loosen the fiscal rules so

that this doesn't immediately fall into

the excessive deficit procedure, right,

for countries like Spain, for example, or

for most European countries who have to

undergo this investment.

Now, how long would that last for?

Is that the way to like build a

European defence capability?

I'm very sceptical of it, right?

The way I would go about it is
slightly different.

I would think: okay, so we're in

one of those rare moments of crisis in

the EU right now, similar
to the COVID crisis

where the more ambitious

solutions are also the
more pragmatic, right?

Usually it's the opposite, right?

It's like, oh, you know, we're
asking for a pie in the sky.

So I think you should start with

the most ambitious proposal you can

consider and then work with that towards,

landing that on the framework
that you can work with.

And so what would that look like?

I think it would entail acknowledging

that yes, there is a security threat,

even if the Ukraine situation is solved

immediately, right?

You need to have the deterrence

capability to avoid a scenario like 2014

to 2022, like what we
were talking about before.

But then it should be the EU that

provides that, not NATO.

You should not rely
on the United States.

The United States is not an ally in

any sense of the word anymore.

So you need to do this on your own.

And you also need to define
security very broadly

I think, for this to work.

So yes, a part of it has to

do with like defence, right?

And what we were just talking about.

And this is what usually all the

conversation focusses on.

And that's part of the deal.

But there's other stuff that the EU needs

to do to actually establish a
security worthy of that name.

So at least three other
areas besides defence.

One would be climate security.

You know, you need to
become energy independent

not just from Russia and oil and gas

but from the United States
or the Gulf states.

And that involves being very ambitious

with the ongoing green transition.

So you need to double down on that,

not cut your resources to focus

exclusively on defence.

If you adopt a broad
conception of security

that is also something that you

need to take into consideration.

You can't just leave it in the back

burner and expect things to
get better in the future.

You also need to think of economic

security, right?

In terms of having a financial

architecture that does not depend on the

dollar system or US
payment platforms, right?

That involves anything from having a more

internationalised euro to having

a digital euro as a tool for payments, right?

You can get really down to the

weeds of like the policies
that you need for this.

But there's a big plank that has to

do with your economic model, the fiscal rules

that are extremely outdated,

even after this programme, right?

They should be completely overhauled if

you really want to meet the challenge

that you face right now.

Fourth area, and final one, would be

security from a social standpoint.

If you do all these things and at

the same time, you have to do austerity

because you have to balance a budget,

then that defeats the
purpose of any of this.

Especially keeping in mind that we

know by now and there's considerable

evidence that doing austerity,

doing budgetary cuts,
trimming down the welfare state

actually empowers the very friends

of Trump and Putin that are already

reasonably strong in a
lot of European states.

So if you want to stop the far Right

and if there's anything in the EU

that is worth fighting for, it's probably

a socioeconomic model that

provides social security in the form of

the welfare state, public health care,

public education, pensions, you name it.

So that has to be a big part of it.

And so you get these four things and

then you think, okay, how are we going

to pay for them?

And then I think, a mixture

of having more mutualised European debt,

like next generation, and having its own,

fiscal capacity in terms of,

I don't know, I would consider not just

punishing Russian oligarchs, but taxing

the activity of American tech oligarchs

for the EU to generate its own resources.

And there are ways to do that, right?

And you can talk about Russian stranded

assets and a number of other sources of

revenue that you can tax.

So you'd have to be much more broad

in your conception of security and not

just focus on the defence industry

and defence spending from
a national perspective.

Because ultimately, I mean,
I hope this doesn't happen.

And there's still ongoing discussion.

But if this ends up being an excuse

for member states to spend more money

without clear strategic goals, and that

ends up being, well, I don't know, buying

American equipment, and increasing a

security dependence that is already

there, then you've doubled
down on a problem, right?

So, you know, I think there's
some good elements to it.

But I think it could be much improved

and still needs a broader definition

of security and much more fiscal ambition.

So basically, are you saying you think it

would be preferable for member states to

make less of a decision here and for

the EU to have a more
coordinated plan?

And I'm just wondering, do you think the

European Union, and I'm not talking

Europe, I'm talking the European Union,

would ever take that
non-aligned perspective?

Do you think that's plausible?

Don't you feel like maybe European

nations themselves would be more likely

to, if they were democratic enough to not

be that constrained by the

European Union.

Don't you feel like they would
try to be non-aligned?

Obviously, I'm kind of generalising here.

But I don't know, I'm just wondering, do

you have hopes in the EU?

Or do you have hopes in Europe?

And yeah, what do you think is more

likely like for the EU to actually take

a non-aligned stance or
for European countries?

Because I don't know, I just struggle to

believe that the EU would ever do that.

So I kind of have the opposite reaction

in that I would have more hope in

European nations individually

taking that sort of stance and

making the right investments, or Europe

as a sort of region rather than the

EU specifically.

But let me know your thoughts about this.

So I think there's one thing that is:

okay, should the EU pull
its capacities together?

That's one thing, right?

And have like a more federated approach

to these threats that it faces now, and

these challenges in the form of Russia,

of the United States,

of having to develop its own autonomy.

And then the other question is about

Europe's alignment, right?

I'm going to try
and parse them out

because I think
they're slightly distinct.

So the question, the way this is always

posed is this question:

oh, should you have a
European army, right?

And usually this is something

that doesn't get discussed a lot

beyond the theoretical level, right?

Because there are like many operational

and political hurdles along the way

but, mostly it's a question
of political will, right?

That European states are reticent to

share that degree of sovereignty.

Now, I just think if you really are

serious about having deterrence

capability against Russia, which I think

is very different from sort of getting

involved in warmongering, right?

After all, like Russia is the country

that has the largest nuclear
stockpile in the world.

So I think anyone who was actively

engaging in pushing them towards a war

would be an idiot to do so.

But I do think you need to develop

deterrent capability.

It makes much more sense to do that

on an EU level than for each European

state on its own.

Unless you're willing to sustain, I don't

know, five, six percent of the GDP of

every European state spent, or in my

view, wasted on defence, right?

So it's an idea, I mean, whose time

has come in the sense that it's the

easiest way out of this problem.

Now, then the question, of course, is

like, what does a more united EU in

the realms of foreign policy and defence

policy stand for in the world, right?

That question: Oh, can Europe
be non-aligned?

I would say Europe today
is disaligned, right?

Because correct me if I'm wrong, but the

way you would have posed this question

two months ago is that the EU is

overly aligned with the United States and

just following the
United States' initiative.

Overnight, that has changed very
dramatically.

And so the EU already de facto finds

itself in a place where it's having to

come up with its own autonomous posture

in regards, for example, to what happened

in Ukraine, right?

Now, that position is the one it was

holding before the United States
changed gears.

But I think it's an interesting process.

Now, I will say about that, that hasn't

come to fruition because European leaders

suddenly took that decision.

It's because Trump snubbed them and then

humiliated a few of them and has done

everything within his power to make that

outcome possible.

So I would think the challenge is not

for the EU to strike its own path

away from Trump now.

The question is maintaining this after

Trump is gone.

And I'm sort of looking
too far into the future.

But if you think of, you know, what

happened during the Biden presidency,

or even if you want to go further back

in time after the Iraq war, when there

was also talk of the need of becoming

more detached in foreign policy positions

from the United States, what do you see

is that when the good times come back,

and that usually means when there's a

Democrat in the White House, Europeans

become complacent.

So this is an effort that you really

need to sustain in time.

Now, finally, and this is the hardest

question to which I don't have an answer

other than to say that the EU is,

in spite of like making progress on all

these areas, and I think a lot of

this is actually interesting and

worthwhile, but it has some huge flaws in

regards to how it aligns
in the world, right?

Just consider the now ongoing
genocide in Gaza, right?

We learned today that Israel resumed

operations and killed between three and

400 Palestinians in one night.

And the EU has been shamefully muted on

this issue, except for
a few voices, right?

And for the most part, has acquiesced to

what is basically a genocide
on its doorstep.

So I think striking a sort of, you

know, assertive position in defence of

Ukraine's right to defend itself from

annihilation, in the face of an

imperialist neighbour,
it's all very well and good.

Like, I'm all for that position.

I just think there should be coherence.

It should also be held in Gaza, right?

Like, you know, the EU should be much

firmer in its condemnation of Israel.

So that's one thing where its present

disposition, its present alignment is

very much lacking and very disappointing.

The same is true of
migration policy, right?

I mean, we like to act scandalised at

the policies that the Trump

administration applies, but they're not

that different.

And in fact, many of them are directly

inspired in what we do
in our own borders.

I do think the EU

is taking several steps to become more

autonomous from the US.

I am sceptical that the way it is

doing so is the best, the most useful,

and that it's not, that it doesn't have

several aspects of it that can be

counterproductive.

But I realise that there are some areas

where the state of affairs
right now is pretty awful.

It certainly is.

And I want to dive a little deeper

into this topic of non-alignment.

I think the EU, yes, it's not complacent

to the Trump presidency.

But I mean, I think it still is

to the sort of what they understand as

the default US, right, which is Democrats

or, you know, never Trump Republicans

and a politics of the sort.

And meanwhile, at DiEM25, we aim for a

non-aligned, which doesn't
mean neutral Europe.

.

Do you believe this is
currently a possibility?

And how do you believe it would impact

the potential for more democratic

European nations if we
move in this direction?

Yeah, I mean, I think it's tied to

what I was saying before.

But so let me reframe it in a

more accurate way.

I think the EU, again, not by its

own merits, but because of the effects of

what Trump has done in two months,

has become sort of disaligned
from the US, right?

And I am a bit, yeah, I will

say I am hopeful that this is not

just a passing sort of fleeting sentiment

of like, oh, you know, Trump is horrible.

Then we'll go back to business.

I want to think that there is a

learning process going on, especially in

the way that we had, you know, Biden

between these two Trump terms.

I mean, the way that events have unfolded

would mean that Europeans would be, you

know, profoundly obtuse not to continue

investing in becoming independent from

the United States after Trump is gone.

And who knows what will happen in four years.

So on that regard, I'm, let's say, mildly

hopeful, or at least I've been surprised

by the degree of result I've seen from

key European figures.

So I would not have expected to see

a centre-right German politician say, my

first concern is becoming independent

from the United States, right?

I have to acknowledge that if I would

have been told, will you see this in

the next year, a couple months ago,

I'd have said: no, absolutely not.

I think Europeans will try and

paper over their differences with Trump,

but fundamentally not change or, within

So in that regard, yeah, but another,

but as I was saying before,

if you look at other issues,

so if you look at the
Palestinian question, right,

if you look at migration policy, these are areas

that where there's no change and where

the current alignment or the current,

posture to the extent that you has

a coherent posture, or the sum of the

different member states;
postures is awful.

Now, there are a couple other instances,

which are a bit more, I guess,

we still need to wait and see what happens.

But so, for example, I would say,

I'm interested to see what happens within

relations with China.

I think if you want to become autonomous

from the US and, you know, secure from

Russia, and at the same time,

you take fighting climate change seriously,

you cannot afford to follow the US into a

confrontation with China
into the Indo -Pacific.

You just can't.

You need to find a better way to

engage with China, right?

So the EU famously has this plan,

or this platform where it views China as a

sort of, let me see if I get

this correctly, as the ones, it is a

partner, it is a competitor,
and it is a rival,

and different, and depending on

what policies you look at.
30 minutes

So I would say find more areas of
partnership and less for rivalry

in the coming years

because you cannot afford
more antagonism

and more broadly
because I think that China

whatever the issues that we
might have with different policies

that they apply and there are several.

But ultimately, it is not destabilizing
force in international affairs

the way the US and Russia are, right?

So yeah, I think that's...

We'll see what happens right?

Really, that's another area where if
we are going to take European autonomy

seriously, we need certain changes to
take place or otherwise we'll get stuck

back where we were now.

Another region that is interesting
in terms of partnerships

is Latin America right?

This EU-Mexico deal again,
some of the aspects of it:

It's a free trade deal.

It was agreed by governments
on both sides

but it is problematic,
it has redistributionary effects

like most trade deals.

So here you can see how reaching out

to other regions of the world
is interesting.

I think there are many governments
In Latin America that will come

as natural partners for
the EU right now, right.

I'm obviously thinking
of Brazil not Argentina,

But again, there are also
trade-offs to these deals,

But I think if the EU really wants to

take this question of
becoming autonomous seriously,

that it needs to reach out to
these partners.

You need to developing a more
constructive relationship with China,

You need to develop a strong
partnership with countries like Brazil.

I think in those cases, is where
we're truly going to see if this is

something worth taking seriously
or if it's back to the mean

once we get past this
current crisis.

[Tiare] We are going to move on
to a slightly different topic,

though not unrelated.

You have expertise in the
concept of populism

We're going to leave links down
in the description so people can

check out your work on the topic.

We've mentioned Trump
derangement syndrome.

Basically, in all of this geopolitical
scenario, what do you believe is the role

of populism and has its relationships
with the States contributed to

taking us where we are now.

[Jorge] Most people say there
are two kinds of populism, right,

populism of the Left and
of the radical Right.

At this point, I think talking about
Right-wing populism is sort of inaccurate.

It's just basically an
extreme Right Movement.

I wrote a book a few years back and it
focused on Left wing populism.

I was very hopeful for its prospects
when I began writing the book.

Unfortunately, I finished writing it
as the second Bernie Sanders campaign

came to a halt and was defeated,

which was really depressing
for me because I lived in the States

in 2016 and participated in the
the first one was very hopeful

that he would win the
Democratic nomination.

That did not happen.

in Spain too, Podemos and then
Sumar stagnated electorally.

They are junior partner
to the traditional Center Left.

I think overall Left populists are just...

Or Left wing movements
In general,

parties and movements to the
Left of traditional social democracy

are uncomfortable with this juncture, right.

Because, well, defense is not
traditionally the things that

we would like to talk about, right,
and defense policy and so forth.

So it' a juncture that we are
inherently uncomfortable with.

Now what I will say is that
and I think this is testimony

to the progress that was made

by a lot of these movements
in the past decade.

We should never let our guard down
and think that austerity

is never coming back to the EU.

It could, the new fiscal rules are better
than the old ones, but they're still

leaving much to be desired.

Right now as of today and
especially for all this decade

austerity has not been on the menu
in the EU in the way that it was

after the 2008 crisis, right?

I think that it's been assumed
that this is a loosing proposal

the degree of social and political
dislocation that will generate

makes it just unaffordable as
an economic policy, right,

and absolutely counterproductive.

So I think that's something that
was gained by a lot of the advances

that these movements made.

So I will say that and, you know,
even if they don't have the presence

that they had 10 years ago,
I think that is a lasting legacy

and, you know,
we should be mindful of that.

In terms of the right-wing, you know,
right-wing populists or more like

the extreme right in general,
I'm really interested to see

whether Trump is good
for their electoral business or not.

I am getting the sensation
that he can become

a huge albatross for extreme right parties
and movements in Europe, right?

Meaning if you look at, well, Canada is
sort of a more prescient example, right?

The sort of subtly Trumpified,
right-wing party is down in the polls

and the Liberals are the ones
who are benefiting most from that

but, I think you might start
seeing similar movements in the UK

and other European countries, right?

I mean, I think it's worth keeping in mind
that, overnight, these parties have gone

from, not that they ever were,
but pretending to be

the voice of the downtrodden
or being a sort of anti-system option,

to being the favorite choice
of the president of the United States

and the world's richest man
who was boosting them all the time,

so it's just very hard to maintain
an anti-system appeal.

Not that they ever had
a genuine one, right?

It was always a facade,
but at this point,

I think it's very hard
to keep that reputation up.

So I think in the long,
or even in the medium term,

this is going to present
a series of very hard trade-offs for them.

I mean, and I don't want
to be overly optimistic,

because I know every now and then,
people say:

Oh, this is the end of the far right.

I remember people said it
with covid, right?

Because science is now very important
and, of course, that never happened,

they backfired, so need to keep
a cool head about this

and not make premature judgments,
but I think Trump and the United States

is going to pose a series
of problems for them.

And it'll be interesting to see
if and whether they can solve them.

[Tiare] I wonder what you think
of populism as an antipolitics form

of politics which can be embodied
by both the sort of leftwing populists

that have ended up either being made by
and for the professional managerial class

but also the, you know,
sort of more Trump himself

or the Trump-aligned parties in Europe
as well, which ... what I see is that

they are the ones who still seem
to hold this position of the outsider,

that seems to be something that
they have managed to keep.

I don't know, I'm wondering
how you regard this difference

and does it have to do perhaps with ...
I'm just going to give you an example,

I just want to know, yeah,
your thoughts on these developments

of the last few years, basically,
while Podemos got,

and then Sumar
got in government with PSOE,

so populist-left with center-left.

Giorgia Meloni or Trump, you know,
definitely never appeared to sort of

make concessions to the parties
that within their nations were regarded

as default government parties
that had been there

for a really long time, you know,
the so-called swamp, maybe,

that had to be drained.

And therefore they kind of managed
to be seen, still, as outsiders,

even though, obviously, Giorgia Meloni
is great friends with the US,

great friends with the EU, apparently.

So, you know, not like
there is that much there, in a way,

and then, obviously,
things can change,

but to an extent, yeah,
it seems like there is

more complacency, perhaps,
on the side of the left-populists

to sort of join,
even in France, the center

and prioritize being anti-far-right
over perhaps saying:

You know what, let's just do a more
universalist, long-term project

and prioritize that even if it means
risking more far-right victories

because we refuse to work
with centre-left parties

which working-class people
are just so done with,

perhaps less so in Spain, I will say,

but how would you basically update,
perhaps, your views on populism

that you had in the more
sort of Bernie Sanders era

to nowadays that we have seen
more developments in the story?

[Jorge] Yeah, we could have
another entire session on this subject

because first of all you'd have to
sort of come up with a good definition

of populism which is
extraordinarily frustrating, right?

So what I would say is like, okay,
populism, a general definition is that

you're going to be talking about
the people versus elites,

and in doing so you have a discourse

that accepts that there is
antagonism within society.

So democracy is not just about consensus,

and reaching deals
like-minded legislators,

that is a part of it,
but it's also about conflict.

And so you work with that.

And that already
is very different from the style

of sort of more established
centre-Left or centre-Right politicians,

So that's one thing.

Then there's the question of yeah,

you're posing a question on this
idea of normalization right,

or losing your anti-system edge.

I don't think there is a strategic
road map that just works well

in every single case.

So, for example, Polemos did try in Spain
to overtake the centre Left,

even if that meant that
the Right would govern

and what happened is that It just
failed to overtake the center Left.

One of the things that I've learned
is that it's good to have

a discourse that is antagonistic,

it's good like to mobilize people's
righteous anger with a way

that the economy doesn't work for
them or that they're giving a lousy deal

and that's not something
to be criticized.

I just got really frustrated
in the United States

when people compare
Bernie Sanders

having a angry rhetoric with Trump
scapegoating vulnerable communities

for the sort of things that were
mostly made up, right.

I think there's a big distinction in
how you use that antagonism.

But ultimately, I don't think
there's one clear path to victory

and what I do think is that

older established parties have a
institutional grounding

that helps them out compete
populist insurgencies

in the long run. right?

My takeaway was a slightly boring

institutional story right, that
building organizational strength

building lasting institutions,

all of that is really important

if you want to have a
successful candidacy

against the more established parties,
right?

Where that runs a bit against
the populist logic,

is in this idea of the populist leader. right?

Which is usually highly charismatic and
organizationally, sadly, it is never subject

to very strong counterweights
within the party's movement, right?

In the long term, this poses
a lot of problems,

Now, are they insurmountable?

No, I don't think so.

Of course, if you look at the trajectory
of a lot of these movements

well, it seems like that,
it seems a big problem right,

but I don't think that this approach
is not very useful in many contexts,

I don't think the Right necessarily
done a better job of this.

If you look at Meloni has been
very successful electorally,

but what she has done
since she got the ballot

at least from where I'm standing,

it seems like a process of
normalization right?

she has tried to be or seem like
a responsible European player

trying to make the hard Right fit in
with the centere Right at the EU level.

It;s very different from for example,

Matteo Salvini who was a hooligan
in his first term in office

and then now, he's sort of a marginal
player in relation to Meloni.

I don't know, I say this because

I don't think there is a correct
path that you must take.

I don't think necessarily toning down

your messaging at one point

and this could be a tactical choice

it doesn't really mean that you should
sell your essence or so forth.

This is all to say, I don't have a
specific answer on this

other than to say that I do think
it is important

that Left wing parties and movements
become able again like they were

during the last decade of
mobilizing people's anger. Right.

People who are angry
at the way things work,

people's legitimate outrage.

it should not be the case that

the far Right is the only
option out there

that is mobilizing people who are
angry at the way things work

because even if they make up scape goats
and have a hateful rhetoric,

there are things to be legitimately
angry about in our societies

and our economies.

These should not be left for
demagogues to exploit.

[Tiare] Within those parties,
why do you think we failed?

Basically, what you think
is the the main reason

at the core, what would you think is
the main thing we need to change.

What was the biggest failure of the
populist Left in the last 10 years?

[Jorge] Man, if I could
answer your question quickly

I would not have written a really
long and boring book about it.

That's what I'll say,

A lot of it depends on
the more structural

background conditions that
I was telling you about, right?

As you move and successfully
become a party

where you can do things like
changing leadership

without having everyone
fall into infighting

or have a scenario where your
immediate goals are not attained

and you don't collapse because
you're blaming each other

which is largely what
happened with Podemos.

They did a very bad job of managing
internal party tension right?

That had to do with
institutional choices

that they made on how
to manage the party.

Then on the more immediate level

on the more tactical level

there is this question:

should you be an outsider,
even if it means the Right governs

or should you be joining
forces with XXX?

Then again, this all depends on whether

you're the main actor in
the coalition government

or if they're the
secondary actor, right?

I think Sumar actually had
a good electoral result

considering the
junior partner in a

coalition government.

If you look at almost every single
political scientist will tell you

that these parties should
have a horrible electoral result

when they come back to the polls right,
after a coalition government

and they held their own.

But that remains to be seen
in the next elections.

It seems they'll have a much harder
time replicating that success,

It takes time and then,
at different junctures,

I don't think there is a correct way.

So what happens if you try
and be an outsider all the time,

and you're Identifying the
centre Left as your enemy,

a lot of the people who vote for
the centre Left

whom you need
arithmetically

to eventually vote for you,

if you want to get the majority,
it will allow you to govern

without the the centre Left,
will not vote for you

because it will perceive
you as a threat

rather than as a
potential partner, right?

So these are the
electoral dilemmas

of Left populism, which are not
very different from those

of other electoral families,
but they're there.

For the far Right,
I think it's slightly different.

Of course, it depends
on the country.

If you look at Trump's success,

you need to keep
in mind that the US

is a presidentialist. system.

So that makes it very different.

I think Bernie Sanders could have
realistically won in 2016

against Donald Trump.

I don't think it's overly
optimistic to say that.

I think he would have
easily won, right?

Then we would have had a very
distinct last eight years.

He would have been
leading the presidency now.

Instead of having this
doom and gloom

conversation about the far Right,

we'll be talking about how

populism and social democracy

go hand in hand and whatnot.

So it's worth keeping
that in in mind,

the degree of contingency
in modern politics.

We really don't have any sort of
master key that will unlock us.

Anything can happen.

Even the most Informed analysts
are surprised by all the time.

Myself, I've learned to
live with this uncertainty

and be a bit more
humble about my

priors about what might happen
at a given point in time,.

[Tiare] Yeah,

the end of history is certainly over

and it's just a matter of

what we do with the wreckage
basically that is left.

These were all our questions.

Clearly the conclusion is
we are not very sure,

But it was still clarifying to hear
about the geo-political tensions

and how to understand
them right now.

[Jorge] Yeah, my pleasure.

[Tiare] Thank you so, Jorge, Gracias.

We're really happy to
have you here.

Where people can find you,
what do you suggest they read?

[Jorge] I'm not on Twitter anymore.

I'm on Blue Sky with
my name and surname.

I write every now and then.

That's where I share
most of my work,

so that's where people
can find me.

Great, we will leave
the link down below.

Thank you so much again

And thanks everyone
for joining us today,

[Jorge] f course, have a good one.