-
Hello I'm Professor Bryan Bucce.
Welcome back.
-
This is part two of our look at adjusting
journal entries.
-
Hopefully this sequel will be an Empire
Strikes Back type of sequel, rather than
-
a Mannequin two type sequel.
Anyway, let's go to it.
-
Now we're going to do some practice with
adjusting journal entries.
-
I will have a series of related
transactions, some of them will be
-
regular journal entries, regular
transactions.
-
And then we'll be faced with the question
of do we need to do an adjusting entry
-
based on those, and if so, what would the
adjusting entry be?
-
As always the pause icon will appear if
you want to pause the video and try it
-
yourself, or you can just roll through
and listen to the answer and try it later
-
on the homework's.
So, let's get started.
-
>>September 30th.
BOC loans $100,000 to an employee at a
-
12% interest rate.
>> This is a regular journal entry,
-
that's occurring during the fiscal year.
BOC is loaning cash.
-
Anytime you loan cash, cash is going
down.
-
We make cash go down with a credit.
The debit here is going to be an asset
-
called notes receivable, because our
asset is that our employee owes us
-
$100,000 cash back.
That is an asset because it's going to be
-
a future cash inflow, we make the asset
increase with a debit.
-
>> December 31st, it is the end of the
fiscal year.
-
No principal or interest payments have
been made yet.
-
>> Now it's December 31st, so the
question is do we need to make an
-
adjusting entry?
We do in this case because three months
-
has gone by and we haven't gotten paid
interest, but we our, we have earned
-
interest revenue.
Because we have provided the service of
-
having the money outstanding to the
employee over three months.
-
We have a contract where we're going to
eventually get paid.
-
So, it's earned and realize we get to
record.
-
Interest revenue.
Revenue's a credit account so we increase
-
interest revenue with a credit.
We credit interest revenue for 3,000.
-
The debit side is again going to be a
receivable.
-
The employee owes us $3,000 of cash based
on this interest.
-
So it's sort of like an accounts
receivable, although we only use accounts
-
receivable when we deliver goods to
customers.
-
Here we want to call it interest
receivable.
-
Debit interest receivable to increase the
asset for 3,000.
-
>>How did you come up with $3,000 as the
amount of interest revenue?
-
>>Okay let me show you.
We have $100,000 principal, 12% interest
-
rate, so $100,000 times .12 is $12,000 of
interest per year.
-
Anytime you see an interest rate you
should assume it's an annual rate, unless
-
it says otherwise.
It hasn't been a year so we take 12,000
-
of interest per year, times 3/12 because
it's been three months, and we end up
-
with 3,000 of interest, for the three
months.
-
>> January 6th, the employee sends a
check for three months of interest on the
-
loan.
[BLANK_AUDIO].
-
>> So now we are back during the fiscal
year, the next fiscal year, the employee
-
sends us a check, means we are receiving
cash.
-
Cash is an asset, goes up through a
debit, so we're going to debit Cash for
-
$3,000.
And then we want to get rid of the
-
interest receivable asset.
The interest has been received, it's no
-
longer receivable.
So we're going to credit interest
-
receivable to reduce this asset 3,000,
which just zeros it out because the
-
employees fully paid us what they owe in
terms of interest.
-
>> December 31st it is the end of the
fiscal year.
-
During December, employees earned
$400,000 in salaries, but paychecks do
-
not get issued until January 2nd.
>> So it is the end of the fiscal year.
-
December 31st.
We have to ask ourselves whether we need
-
an adjusting entry.
We do in this case because we've had
-
employees work for us, wiithout getting
paid.
-
Even though they haven't been paid, we
still have to recognize an expense for
-
the amount of salaries that they earned
during December.
-
So we debit Salary Expense to increase
the expense for $400,000.
-
But since it hasn't been paid in cash we
credit a liability, salaries payable to
-
create or increase this liability for
$400,000.
-
Which represents the fact that as of
December 31st we owe our employees
-
$400,000 cash.
At some point in the future, based on
-
work they've already provided.
>> What do you mean by earned salaries?
-
I thought earned was one of the revenue
recognition criteria.
-
This is an expense.
>>Yes, earned is one of the revenue
-
recognition criteria.
And from the perspective of the employee,
-
the employee did earn revenue.
The employee provided service.
-
They have an agreement to get paid.
So they have earned salaries revenue.
-
The salaries revenue for the employee Is
a salary expense for us as the employer.
-
>> January second the paychecks are
sent.
-
>> We've sent the checks which means
that we've paid cash.
-
Anytime we pay cash, cash goes down, we
credit cash to reduce it 400,000, and
-
what we are doing is, we are paying off
this obligation or liabilities seller's
-
payable.
We reduce a liability with a debit.
-
So, we debit salaries payable 400,000,
which now zeros out that liability.
-
We don't over employees any more cash
based on work they provided so far.
-
>> November 20th, BOC pays $10,000 for
December's rent.
-
>> This one, we've paid cash.
So, cash is going down.
-
We reduce cash with a credit so there's a
credit to cash for 10,000.
-
We create an asset called Prepaid Rent,
we debit the asset to increase it.
-
This is the example where we paid cash in
advance of getting the benefit of
-
occupying the space.
So it's an asset because we'll either get
-
to occupy the space or we'll get our
$10,000 back at this point.
-
>> December 31st, it is the end of the
fiscal year.
-
Is an adjusting entry needed?
If so, what is it?
-
>> So we do need an adjusting entry at
this point, because what's happened is,
-
December has gone by.
We occupied the space for December.
-
The prepaid rent is no longer prepaid.
It's been used up.
-
So we're going to debit rent expense.
Increase in expense to recognize that
-
we've incurred the cost of rent for
occupying the space in December.
-
We have to credit prepaid rent, reduce
the asset because it's no longer prepaid.
-
This has to be zeroed out at the end of
December because we no longer have any
-
future rent prepaid at this point.
Credit in the asset by 10,000 Brings its
-
balance down to zero.
>> June 30, a customer pays BOC $60,000
-
for a three-year software license.
>> In this example we are selling
-
software as BOC.
We've received $60,000 cash from a
-
customer.
Anytime we receive cash, cash goes up.
-
We debit cash for $60,000.
We haven't delivered any of the software.
-
We've, we've got the cash, the license,
but, but we not get to recognize the
-
revenue until all this three years go by.
So this is a liability at this point
-
called honor and software revenues ,so we
credit the liability to create it,
-
because we have an obligation to deliver
to the access to the software over the
-
next three years
>> December 31st.
-
It is the end of the fiscal year.
Is an adjusting entry needed?
-
If so what is it?
>> We do need an adjusting entry
-
because part of that three years has gone
by.
-
And as time goes by, we get to recognize
revenue for the amount of time that's
-
gone by.
Because we've earned that part of the
-
service of providing software.
So six months have gone by.
-
We get to recognize software revenue for
six months, so we credit software revenue
-
to increase the revenue account for
10,000.
-
We reduce the liability because 10,000 of
this has been earned.
-
It's no longer unearned.
So we debit unearned software revenue to
-
reduce the liability.
The balance as of December 31st in this
-
liability account is $50,000, which is
the amount of revenue we are going to
-
earn over the remaining 2 1/2 years of
the software license.
-
>> I know why the answer is $10,000,
but maybe you should explain it for the
-
other viewers.
>> I'm happy to explain it for the
-
other viewers.
So we're going to earn $60,000 over three
-
years.
Assuming it's earned on a straight line
-
basis, that would be 20,000 per year.
It hasn't been a year.
-
It's only been six months, or half a
year, so half of 20,000 would be 10,000.
-
So we get to recognize $10,000 of revenue
for these six months.
-
>> June 30th, BOC purchases a building
for $500,000.
-
The expected life of the building is 20
years and its expected salvage value is
-
$100,000.
>>So, on June 30th all we have to account
-
for is purchasing the building.
We don't do any depreciation yet cause we
-
just bought the building.
So, we paid cash 500,000.
-
Anytime we pay cash, we credit cash to
reduce the cash account.
-
We debit Building to create the asset
account to represent that we have this
-
new asset called, that's a Building, so
we debit Building $500,000 and credit
-
Cash 500,000.
[BLANK_AUDIO]
-
>> December 31st.
It is the end of the fiscal year.
-
Is an adjusting entry needed?
If so, what is it?
-
>> We definitely need an adjusting
entry to record the depriciation.
-
So the format of the journal entry for
depreciation expense always looks like
-
this.
You debit depreciation expense to create
-
the expense for the period.
And then you credit the contra-asset
-
accumulated depreciation.
Remember, that's where we're going to
-
keep track of all the reductions in the
original cost of the building over time.
-
We're going to keep it, track of it not
in the building account, but in the
-
separate contra-asset account, which has
a credit balance.
-
So a credit to accumulated depreciation
increases this account.
-
So this the format you're always going to
see for depreciation expense journal
-
entries.
Now I do have on this slide, so you don't
-
have to ask, the calculation for how we
got this.
-
The original cost of the building was
500,000, the salvage value's expected to
-
be 100,000, so we're going to depreciate
400,000 of value over time.
-
The time is going to be 20 years.
So based on a straight line basis, we
-
have 400,000 divided by 20 is 20,000 per
year.
-
So that's the annual expense.
But notice here only six months have gone
-
by.
So we take that 20,000 divided by 2 to
-
get a $10,000 six month depreciation
expense.
-
>> What if your salvage value or useful
life estimates are wrong?
-
How can you possibly know what a building
will be worth in 20 years, or even that
-
you will use it for 20 years?
>> Both the salvage value and the
-
useful are manager's best estimate of how
long they plan to use it How much it'll
-
worth when they're done using it, when
they buy, the asset.
-
Like all estimates, it'll probably be
wrong.
-
If at any point in time, managers decide
they're going to use the asset longer or
-
shorter than they thought, or the salvage
value will be higher or less than they
-
thought.
They can change the assumptions, and
-
recalculate the depreciation expense
going forward.
-
And then if we get the end of the life,
and we sell the asset for more or less
-
than its salvage value, we'll just book a
gain or a loss at that point.
-
>> December 31st, BOC still has an
outstanding order $300,000 of products
-
that will be delivered and billed in
January.
-
>> So the question here is, do we need
an adjusting entry to reflect that we
-
still have this outstanding order that
has not yet been delivered or billed?
-
Well, the answer is no.
We do not need an adjusting entry,
-
because there has not been any kind of
revenue that's been earned at this point.
-
We haven't delivered the goods so we
can't recognize revenue, we haven't
-
earned it.
We haven't billed cash, we haven't
-
collected cash.
So there's no realization yet, there's
-
not existing account that needs to be
adjusted.
-
Basically, this entire transaction will
happen some time in the future There's
-
nothing we need to adjust at this point.
>> Okay.
-
So we can't record the revenue yet.
But is there any way we can let people
-
know this order?
>> Yes.
-
Companies can always voluntarily disclose
information that they're not allowed to
-
recognize in the financial statements.
So a common disclosure in financial
-
statements is called the quarter backlog.
Which talks about these orders and lets
-
investors know about them, even though
they haven't gotten to the point where we
-
could recognize revenue for them yet.
So to provide a quick overview of
-
adjusting entries before we wrap up the
video.
-
Think about a timeline where you have
cash transactions that could either
-
happen before or after you recognize
that, recognize that revenue or expense
-
in the financial statements.
In the example of the deferred revenue
-
and the deferred expense, what happened
was the cash transaction happened before.
-
We recognize the revenue or expense.
So either we receive cash and create a
-
liability.
Then when we earn the revenue, we credit
-
revenue and reduce the liability.
Or we pay cash to recognize a prepaid
-
asset.
Then as time goes by and we use up
-
whatever we prepaid, we debit the expense
and reduce that prepaid asset.
-
For the accruals, what happens is the
revenue or expense comes before the cash
-
transaction.
So for an accrued expense we recognize an
-
expense before we pay the cash.
So that we create a payable liability,
-
like a wage is payable or a tax is
payable.
-
Then later on, we pay the cash and reduce
the liability.
-
Where sometimes we recognize revenue,
because we provided some kind of service
-
but haven't been paid cash yet.
We created asset to represent the
-
receivable.
Later on we collect the cash and get rid
-
of the receivable.
So all of the adjusting entries are
-
going to fit in to one of these four
categories.
-
Now that we've done examples of all the
possible types of adjusting journal
-
entries, I can't think of anything better
than to do more practice with them.
-
And that's what we'll do next video.
In the Relics [UNKNOWN] case.
-
I'll see you then.
>> See you next video.
-
[BLANK_AUDIO]