Why translating literature is sometimes impossible | Mariam Mansuryan | TEDxYouth@ISPrague
-
0:06 - 0:09What color do you see
on the left side of the board? -
0:10 - 0:11(Audience) Blue.
-
0:12 - 0:15Right. What color do you see
on the right side of the board? -
0:15 - 0:17(Audience) Blue, light blue.
-
0:17 - 0:20(Laughter)
-
0:20 - 0:23Okay, let's say this
is dark blue and light blue, -
0:23 - 0:24does everyone agree?
-
0:24 - 0:25(Audience) Yeah.
-
0:25 - 0:29Okay, so what would you
call them in general? -
0:29 - 0:30(Audience) Blue.
-
0:30 - 0:34All right. Now, are there any people
who speak Russian? -
0:35 - 0:36Yeah?
-
0:36 - 0:38Great. See a couple of hands.
-
0:38 - 0:43All right, so what would you call
the color on the on the left in Russian? -
0:43 - 0:44Cиний.
-
0:44 - 0:46So what about the color on the right?
-
0:46 - 0:47(Audience) Rолубой.
-
0:47 - 0:51Uh-huh. Now, what would
you call them together? -
0:52 - 0:55(Laughter)
-
0:55 - 0:57I got you trapped because in Russian
-
0:57 - 0:59you can't call them together.
-
0:59 - 1:01In Russian, you can't say just "blue."
-
1:01 - 1:04You have to either say "синий," dark blue,
-
1:04 - 1:06or "голубой," light blue.
-
1:07 - 1:10Now, I know that there are two or three
Armenian speakers too, right? -
1:10 - 1:14So I'm giving you a sentence,
and you translate it to Armenian. -
1:14 - 1:16"I have an uncle."
-
1:16 - 1:18(Audience member) Ես քեռի ունեմ.
-
1:18 - 1:20See, now Nana said "Ես քեռի ունեմ,"
-
1:20 - 1:22but she's not correct.
-
1:22 - 1:24(Laughter)
-
1:25 - 1:27Because "I have an uncle" can mean
-
1:27 - 1:29"I have an uncle from my mother side,"
-
1:29 - 1:31or "I have an uncle from my father side."
-
1:31 - 1:35What Nana said is "I have
an uncle from my mother side." -
1:35 - 1:38But I can say "Ես հորեղբայր ունեմ,"
-
1:38 - 1:41which would mean "I have an uncle
from my father's side," -
1:41 - 1:43and that would also
be a correct translation. -
1:44 - 1:48So Armenian, just like Russian
doesn't allow you to say just "blue," -
1:48 - 1:52Armenian doesn't allow you
to say just "uncle." -
1:52 - 1:55You have to specify what uncle
you are talking about. -
1:56 - 1:59There are these differences in languages,
-
1:59 - 2:03but when I was reading "Harry Potter"
by J.K. Rowling in Armenian, -
2:04 - 2:06I generally understood
what was going on in the book, -
2:07 - 2:08even though it was a translation,
-
2:08 - 2:11even though there were
these differences in languages. -
2:12 - 2:15I read the same book,
almost the same book, -
2:15 - 2:17as English people did.
-
2:17 - 2:21And you might be wondering
why I was holding this ruler, right? -
2:21 - 2:25Well, the reason is that translation
is like measurement. -
2:26 - 2:29So when you measure something,
let's say it's 20 centimeters, -
2:29 - 2:32but, most of us know that it's not 20.
-
2:32 - 2:35It's 20 plus or minus 0.005.
-
2:36 - 2:37Yeah.
-
2:37 - 2:40Chemistry, physics, 10th grade.
-
2:40 - 2:42(Laughter)
-
2:42 - 2:44So it's very similar to translation.
-
2:44 - 2:48When I read "Harry Potter,"
I was also seeing the same 20 centimeters, -
2:48 - 2:51but there was this small uncertainty.
-
2:51 - 2:54Because languages
are different for a reason, -
2:54 - 2:57you can't just move ideas between them
without losing something. -
2:57 - 3:02So I lost that 0.005, but it's so minor,
that it doesn't really, really matter. -
3:03 - 3:07But is there a case
where it's not just 0.005, -
3:07 - 3:11but it's one centimeter
or maybe even 10? -
3:11 - 3:15Well, do you think this person
over here is a boy or a girl? -
3:15 - 3:17(Audience) Girl.
-
3:17 - 3:20Yeah, most of you said "girl,"
and you were correct. -
3:20 - 3:21But -
-
3:21 - 3:26she's actually the main character
of Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird," -
3:26 - 3:28and when I was reading this book,
-
3:29 - 3:31there was something really weird.
-
3:31 - 3:36I couldn't understand the gender
of the main character until about page 60, -
3:36 - 3:39because the author was only giving clues,
-
3:39 - 3:42and the author was even
confusing me by quotes like: -
3:42 - 3:46"I swear, Scout, sometimes you act
so much like a girl, it's mortifying." -
3:47 - 3:50And when you say, "You act so much
like a girl it's mortifying," -
3:50 - 3:54we understand that the person
is not supposed to act like a girl, right? -
3:54 - 3:59Or Scout was saying, "I beat him up
one time but he was real nice about it." -
3:59 - 4:01Beating up and girls?
-
4:02 - 4:05In 1960? They are miles away, really?
-
4:05 - 4:06(Laughter)
-
4:06 - 4:09So that's why the author
really confused me, -
4:09 - 4:11and I was thinking,
"Maybe my English is too bad, -
4:11 - 4:14maybe I don't understand
this book correctly," -
4:14 - 4:17but then I realized that this
is an essential part of the theme. -
4:18 - 4:20Because halfway through the book,
-
4:20 - 4:23this character comes
whose name is Aunt Alexandra. -
4:23 - 4:28So she's Scout's aunt,
and she tries to make a girl out of Scout. -
4:28 - 4:33So first in the book,
Scout identifies herself as just a child. -
4:33 - 4:35I'm not a girl, I'm not a boy,
but just a child. -
4:36 - 4:38But then, Aunt Alexandra
trains her into a girl, -
4:38 - 4:42and at the end of the [book],
you can see Scout wearing dresses -
4:42 - 4:44and drinking coffee
with her auntie and her friends. -
4:44 - 4:48So just like Scout reveals her gender,
-
4:48 - 4:49discovers her gender,
-
4:49 - 4:53the reader does the same,
so we have the same journey -
4:53 - 4:55as the main character does,
we really live with her. -
4:56 - 4:58But then, let's take a look
at this example: -
4:58 - 5:02So when I say, "Mariam went home"
in English, Russian, or Armenian, -
5:02 - 5:06I know that I'm talking about a girl
because Mariam is the name of a girl. -
5:06 - 5:11All right, now let's change Mariam
with a pronoun, with "she." -
5:11 - 5:13"She went home," I know that it's a girl.
-
5:13 - 5:16"Она пошла домой,"
I know that it's a girl. -
5:16 - 5:19But when I say "Նա գնաց տուն,"
it's just a question mark -
5:19 - 5:22because in Armenian, as Nana
probably knows, -
5:22 - 5:27the pronoun "նա" represents
both boys and girls. -
5:28 - 5:31But even if I really want to hide
the gender of a person, -
5:31 - 5:35and I just give Mariam a nickname,
let's say "Scout" - -
5:35 - 5:39so "Scout went home" -
I don't know if it's a boy or a girl. -
5:39 - 5:42"Մեձաչքանին գնաց տուն,"
I still don't know. -
5:42 - 5:45But then when I say,
"Глазастик пошла домой," -
5:45 - 5:50"Глазастик пошла домой, пошла домой,"
I know that it's a girl. -
5:50 - 5:54Because, just like you can't say
just "go" in Russian, -
5:54 - 5:57you cannot say just "went" in Russian,
-
5:57 - 5:59or just any verb in Russian,
-
5:59 - 6:03because you have to either say
"пошёл," or "пошла." -
6:03 - 6:07"Пошёл" would be about boys,
and "пошла" would be about girls. -
6:07 - 6:10So when I want to translate
this sentence into Russian, -
6:10 - 6:15I have to say "Я избил его,"
or "Я избилa его." -
6:15 - 6:17And, wait ...
-
6:17 - 6:21So does this mean that in Russian
you cannot hide someone's gender? -
6:21 - 6:23Yes, it does.
-
6:23 - 6:26And when I was reading
the Russian book, guess what? -
6:26 - 6:30The gender of Scout was revealed
since the very first page. -
6:31 - 6:34So if I were to discuss this book
-
6:34 - 6:35with my Russian friend,
-
6:35 - 6:39who doesn't know about
the "hiding of Scout's gender," -
6:39 - 6:42we would have complete different
understandings of the book. -
6:42 - 6:45So it's no longer 0.005 -
it's already a huge difference, -
6:45 - 6:50because my friend didn't get
that part of the theme that I did. -
6:53 - 6:55That is why reading
"Harry Potter" in Armenian, -
6:55 - 6:59and reading "To Kill a Mockingbird,"
-
6:59 - 7:02Убить пересмешника, in Russian,
are a bit different. -
7:02 - 7:06Because even though there
are the differences in "Harry Potter" too, -
7:06 - 7:08they don't matter so much.
-
7:09 - 7:12But Harper Lee decided
to use this uniqueness -
7:12 - 7:18that English has and the opportunity
that it gives her to convey a theme. -
7:19 - 7:21So when you read it in Russian,
-
7:21 - 7:24you don't really get the theme
that she wanted to convey. -
7:24 - 7:28Another example of this
would be "Room," by Emma Donoghue. -
7:28 - 7:31But before going into the book,
I want to tell you something. -
7:31 - 7:35For example, this ruler would be
feminine in Russian, -
7:35 - 7:37because it's "линейка,"
-
7:37 - 7:43and if it finishes with "а,"
then it's feminine, or with "я." -
7:43 - 7:44So that's how Russian works.
-
7:44 - 7:47Spanish works the same way;
German works the same way. -
7:47 - 7:50These languages have a thing
that's called "grammatical gender." -
7:53 - 7:55In this book, in "Room" by Emma Donoghue,
-
7:55 - 7:59a mother and her son are trapped
in a room for five years -
7:59 - 8:02and her son has never seen the world
outside of the room, -
8:02 - 8:06so it's logical to think
that he should be a little bit weird. -
8:06 - 8:08How is the weirdness
expressed in the book? -
8:09 - 8:10Well,
-
8:10 - 8:14he thinks that all the objects
around him have genders. -
8:14 - 8:18So for example, this rug
wouldn't be just "it"; -
8:18 - 8:20it would be a "she."
-
8:20 - 8:24He has kind of a Russian mind,
but it's really weird for English people, -
8:24 - 8:27because when you say
"rug, she" in English, -
8:27 - 8:29then "rug" is personified.
-
8:29 - 8:32When he says, "We've been making
labyrinth since I was two. -
8:32 - 8:35She's all toilet roll insides
taped together in tunnels -
8:35 - 8:37that twist lots of ways,"
-
8:37 - 8:39now labyrinth is "she."
-
8:39 - 8:42Fine. Now let's try
to translate this to Russian. -
8:42 - 8:47First of all, "лабиринт" would be "he"
because it finishes with the letter "т." -
8:47 - 8:49But that's not what really matters.
-
8:50 - 8:52You can argue that it doesn't matter
-
8:52 - 8:56if you think of labyrinth
as "she" or "he." -
8:56 - 8:59The thing is that in Russian
it's completely natural -
8:59 - 9:03to say that "лабиринт" is "he"
because that's what people do. -
9:03 - 9:08So the thing that is seen as weirdness
in English in Emma Donoghue's book -
9:08 - 9:11is seen as a complete
normal thing in Russian. -
9:12 - 9:14That is why I want to connect it
-
9:14 - 9:16to this thing that
Roman Jakobson has said: -
9:16 - 9:19"Languages differ essentially
in what they must convey, -
9:19 - 9:21and not in what they may convey."
-
9:22 - 9:25So in Russian, I must convey
the gender of a person; -
9:25 - 9:29in Armenian, I must convey
the side of my uncle. -
9:29 - 9:31I can't just hide it.
-
9:32 - 9:36So now I have a question for you:
-
9:36 - 9:38Is it really the same book?
-
9:38 - 9:40Thank you.
-
9:40 - 9:42(Applause).
- Title:
- Why translating literature is sometimes impossible | Mariam Mansuryan | TEDxYouth@ISPrague
- Description:
-
One of the most exciting aspects of living in the 21st Century is the opportunity to experience literature from around the world. But except for the languages we’re fluent in, most of us depend on translations. How easily do literary devices and effects survive translation from one language to another? Are there some aspects of literature that simply can’t be translated at all? Using examples from Armenian, Russian and English, Mariam Mansuryan argues that, sometimes, ideas really can be "lost in translation." This talk began as an applied linguistics project in the winter and spring of 2015 when Mariam presented the results of her research to a panel of academics at Charles University in Prague.
Mariam Mansuryan moved from her native Armenia and joined the International School of Prague's high school in 2015. Already fluent in Armenian and Russian, she quickly developed skills in English. Her curiosity about translation was sparked when she began reading and comparing fiction in several languages.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 09:43