IPv6 Subnetting Made Simple – Explained in Detail

In this video, I'm going to show you how

to do IP version 6 subnetting. IP version

6 is little bit of scary. It's not like

IP version 4

with regular decimal numbers that we

can understand.

IP version 6 uses hexadecimal number

that we normally don't use every day.

That's why it's

much difficult to fathom those numbers.

Regardless, IP version 6 is going to be

the next generation internet protocol.

And its adoption is increasing faster.

If we look at the overall traffic and the

network advertisements,

over 25% of all

internet-connected networks advertise

IP version 6 connectivity. So you can

tell

this is going to

increase further, not going to go down.

So that means we all have to get

familiarized with IP version 6

like we did with IP version 4.

If we look at the IP version 6, it

has 8 groups of four hexadecimal digits.

You see here, four hexadecimal digit and

a total of eight groups separated by

colons.

And the first part is- first three is

used for network parts. It's like IP

version 4. IP version 4

has different classes, and there is

network

digits and

client digits.

Likewise in here,

it has network portion and the subnet

portion

and the

client ID portion.

So let me go a little further and look

at

the IP version 6

addressing.

So

there are eight groups, and

each one is a hexadecimal digit. So here

you have four hexadecimal digit,

and each hexadecimal digit

has

four

binary bits.

So that means

one group is going to be 4 into 4

16, and if you multiply 16 into 8, you

come up with 128.

So

IP version 6 is 128 bit long,

not like IP version 4, which is 32

bit long. So if you look at the chart,

this is a hexadecimal chart. As I told

you before, each hexadecimal digit

is

composed of

4 binary numbers, and it goes from

0 to 15.

And the hex- this is the decimal

number, 0 to 15. So we are not going to

use

these decimal numbers, we are going to

use the hexadecimal representation.

And

it goes from 0

up to 9 as same as a decimal,

and then goes into 'A' to 'F'.

That's what

it makes a hexadecimal number. And these

are the binary representation of these

numbers. So if we look at

here

2,

and 2 is- so these four numbers here,

that is 0 0 1 0,

that represent 2,

and you see here 0 0 1 0,

that's represent 2.

And let me go back there, and

so these are zeros so all of them are

going to be

zeros. That means eight

zeros and then 1. 1 is going to be

0 0 0 1. So if you go here 1,

that is 0 0 0 1. So that's how you

convert

hexadecimal

digit into binary bits.

So you know how to convert all of them.

So all these numbers

came from the hexadecimal

digits.

And when you write these numbers,

if you have all of them zeros,

consecutive zeros, in a group

you can represent by two colons.

But you cannot use these two colons

twice

because that will be problematic

because

you have- you know, the algorithm know

everything else come here

after zero, but if you put

two colons here,

it's going to-

it's not going to know how many groups

come here, how many groups come

here. So you can use these two colons

only once.

And then you can

remove these leading zeros,

so that means you can write it in a

different way. I'm going to get to that

in

another section here.

So if you look at here,

this is a

unedited,

unabbreviated IP version 6 number, and then

you can

make all zeros into one zero.

And

you can write it down as it is here,

there's nothing to abbreviate.

And here, you have two continuous

groups of zeros, so you can

represent this with

two colons.

So if you come

to the final thing,

so this come as it is, and you can

represent this

with a

single zero, and you have to write it as

it is. You can represent everything into

two colons.

And then you can remove this leading

zero,

and then you have to write this one as

it is. So this is the

abbreviated IP version 6

number because

writing a big, long 128 bit

is very cumbersome, so

if you can abbreviate,

you have to just put it this way.

So

let me go back

here. So we looked at

what is IP version 6 here,

and then we understand how we can

write IP version 6 addresses

and how we can abbreviate. So now we get

to the

IP version 6 subnetting part. Before we

go into subnetting part, we need to know

how to obtain IP version 6 address.

So if you are a regular customer,

you can get the IP version 6 address

from your ISP. If you are a Charter or

Verizon or AT&T

customer, your ISP will provide you with

an IP version 6 address.

But if you are an ISP or a large

enterprise

customer or a university or institution,

you have to

request a big block of IP addresses

because it's not like a customer, you

just get one IP and you're done with it.

They will need thousands and thousands

of

addresses for their large institution

and the customers.

So you have to request an IP version 6 block

from one of these organizations. So

this is called Regional

Internet Registry.

So there will be five of them

in different region. So if you are in

North America, you have to go

a r i n, ARIN.

They are the one providing you

the IP version 6 address. So you have to

contact and create a login with them, and

then request IP version 6 block. If you

already have a IP version

4 allocation from them, it's pretty

simple. The process would be pretty

simple.

Okay, so as I told you before,

this is the- the first three is going to

be the routing prefix.

And this is for

the subnet ID.

So routing prefix can be said it's

network,

and this is for subnet and this is for

clients.

So you will be getting the first two

portion

from the ARIN. That's if you are North

America,

these two will come from

the ARIN. And then

the third one is going to represent your

region or your institution. So if you are

a university,

you can decide this part of it.

So let me go to the block so you will

understand it further.

So block size,

if you are a big, large institution,

you will be provided with

/32 address. So /32 means

each block is 16. So 16 into 232 so

you will end up with only these 2 and

you have to make up everything else from

there.

And if you are,

you know, if you have this many size,

next level is

36 block, and next level is 40 and

44 and 48. If you have one single site,

you will be provided with /48.

Okay, so let's look at- I'm going to go

here first.

This is the IP version 6

subnet cheat sheet.

Let me go in there before I start the

subnetting part of it. So if you see here,

IP version 6 subnet cheat sheet and ipv6

cheat sheet reference. This tells you, okay,

how many IP address you will get if you

use this CIDR number. So /28,

you have just 1. It's like a /32

in IP version

4.

And then if you go down to the path, you

know, it will be increasing,

and then

you come here,

that will be

64, residential.

So

if a block is

/64.

Let me tell you one thing here. So

that means

in IP version 6-

4, we have a concept. It's like you

cannot use the first IP and last IP. That

is used for

network and for the

broadcast IP. But IP version 6 is not like that.

You can use all the IPs available. So if

you get a

/64,

that means-

let me go here, and then I'll show you.

Here. So

this is where the /64 comes. So if

you see like a 4

network part and subnet ID,

/64 here. So that means

if you are getting a /64, you have

only

one

network, one subnet.

So that's why

one site-

that's why this-

this is telling you

residential allocation /64. And

other 64 all can be host.

So you can

have

this many number of hosts in a /64

IP address

block.

And you go down here,

and then you come here, it's the business.

If you are using a /48, it's going

to be a

business one.

And

if you are

go-

this is 32

is going to be the

ISP allocation. So if you are a Charter

communication or

AT&T or Verizon, ARIN will be

providing them with the /32

subnet.

And that's the one you can

get the biggest one you can get from

ARIN or any other uh

internet registry. So let me go back here,

and we-

I'm going to go to this

calculator. This is where I'm going to do

the

calculation part of it.

So for this, I'm going to grab

an address here

so I can show you

how the allocation works.

So this is the address

I have been given by ARIN.

So it's going to be two

colons,

and

that's going to be 32.

So say if you are ISP or

university, you will be provided with

this block. So when you get this block,

you put this one here.

And you can go down here and find out

how many

smaller subnet you can create from this

block. So

if you have just 32 is just one subnet,

and if you are going to create two

subnets

from this 32, that will be

33. So if you can go down here all the

way,

and that will be,

you know,

tells you if you own the 60 subnets, you

will be having a lot many subnets here.

So the best idea in subnetting is if you

are going to

divide this 32,

You have to follow

this one. Let me show you.

This

allocation

typing,

this allocation type. So

for one site,

think about you have a big site,

you have a very big department

or something. So

say,

school of engineering. You want to

allocate them with the 48.

So I will go

here. So you have to start with- first you

start with 40, that's the recommendation.

From 32, go to 40.

So you will have 256

40s, so that means

you can allocate this one to 40 big,

big

entities within your organization.

And then what you do is you take-

so you have

256 40s.

Say you have a big pie,

and you take the pie,

cut into 40s first. So you will get

256 pieces,

and then you take the first piece here,

right?

And then you cut that first piece.

I would say

take the first piece,

and cut that first piece. This is a 40

subnet.

And you can create

how many 44s? So you can create

from 40 to

44. You can create

44.

You can create 16 subnets of 44.

And let me go to the block again. So 48

to 44,

and then

so we are coming in this side.

So

it recommends 36 also. So you can do 36

before 40. So

let me go here,

32.

And you go to

36.

So you have 16 36 subnets,

and you take the first 36

and make it

as

40s.

And you can create another

16

40s.

And you take the 40s

and do 44.

And you take the first one,

that's not going to change

here.

Take the first one and create 44s.

You have another 16 inside.

And then you take that

44

and you create

48.

So you have another 16 here,

right?

And this one will give you so many

address. So if you look at- so you take

this 48

and

divide this

into

64 subnets. This is the recommended

client subnet.

So you take 64. So you have 65,536

client subnets you can

create from 1 48.

So think about how many subnets you

already have.

So if you go to the cheat sheet

and if you look at

here,

you have a /64,

right?

You have a /64

65,536

subnets.

And each subnet can have

this many hosts,

so

that's why, you know, IP version 6 is

enormous,

and you get

trillions and trillions of

addresses

you can get. So let me

look at

how many

client IP

in IP

IPv6?

So

let me- how many IP addresses does

support?

So it support this many, you know, it's

unbelievable.

This is equal to

340 trillion trillion trillion IP

addresses. So

that's why they created this IP address.

Never

deplete like IP version 4 address. Hope you liked

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