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>> So here we are in SPSS.
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I have created a junk data
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set just to help
illustrate how we can
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compute variables
or compute
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new variables using
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the values from
existing ones.
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This is a pretty
straightforward process.
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It looks a little bit
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different than things
that we've done
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before or other
ways that we're
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going to be using
SPSS in this course.
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So it might look a
little bit different,
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but it is pretty
straightforward and
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pretty easy once you
know how to do this.
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So the first
thing that we'll
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do is go to Transform,
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and then the
first option we
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have there is
compute variable.
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So click on that. We get
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this new window
that pops up.
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The first thing
that we really want
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to look at is in
the top left,
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and that's this target
variable window.
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Basically what
the computer
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is asking you is to create
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a name for the
new variable
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that you're going
to be computing.
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This name needs
to be unique,
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it's one that can't
have spaces in it,
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and it should avoid
special characters.
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But, in this case,
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what I like to
do is include
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some piece of
information in there
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in the naming
convention I use that
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helps me know what this is
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just by looking at it.
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So what we're going
to be doing is
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we're going to be
summing items 1,
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2, 3, 4, 5,
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and 6 together, adding
those together.
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So an easy way
to do that is
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just to put sumofitems.
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That way, when I look at
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this new variable
once it's generated,
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I know that that's
the variable
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that I really want
to be working
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with or running
my tests on
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because that contains
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the information from
the other ones.
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You can click on
Type & Label.
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The label is the more
drawn-out explanation.
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That's one that
you can include
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additional characters or
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spaces and special
characters.
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In our case, I'm
going to put this is
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the sum of items
1 through 6.
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And that way I know that
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that is going to give me
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a more drawn-out
explanation
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of what this
variable includes.
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We know this is
going to be numeric.
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So click Continue.
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The next thing we're
going to look at
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is this numeric
expression box.
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And will actually
come back
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to this in just a minute,
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but this is where you're
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going to be doing most
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of the work when you're
computing a variable.
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What you'll want
to go to next
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is this function
group area.
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So I'm going to
click on All.
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And you notice right
below it we've
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got these functions
and special variables,
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and this popped up
when I clicked on All.
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This has a whole bunch of
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different pre-existing
functions,
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so you don't need to
reinvent the wheel,
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you can basically use
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these pre-existing
functions to
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help you compute
this new variable.
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I'm going to go
down to sum,
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and these are in
alphabetical order,
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so it's pretty
easy to find.
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Here we have sum, and
when I click on sum,
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you'll notice
that this box on
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the left populated
with some text.
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This box is actually
pretty useful.
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So the first thing
it shows you is
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an example of what
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this expression
is going to be.
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And our expression
sounds like
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a really fancy term.
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If you've ever
used a formula
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in Excel, it's
basically that.
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It's telling the computer
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what it needs to do.
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In this case,
just like Excel,
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we've got the word sum,
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which tells the computer
it's going to be
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summing different
values together,
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and then in parentheses,
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immediately after that,
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we have different
variables
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that are separated
by a comma,
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and that's what tells the
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computer to add x, y,
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and z things
together to create
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a new variable or
compute a new variable.
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This also provides
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additional extra
content here,
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but we don't need to
worry about that.
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I found this is
helpful if you
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are stuck or something
isn't working right.
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So we've got sum selected,
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we're going to be
summing the items of 1,
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2, 3, 4, 5, and
6 together.
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We've got that selected.
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So the next thing you do
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is click this up arrow,
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which basically takes
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that pre-existing function
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and it kicks it up
to this numeric
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and expression box.
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The next thing that
we're going to do,
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we've already told
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the computer
that we're going
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to sum different
variables together,
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we need to tell it which
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variables to sum together.
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So the easy way
to do this is to
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click on the first
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item that you
want to include,
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and you'll notice
that this arrow
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switch sides from pointing
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to the left to
pointing to the right,
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click over 1,
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and we've already
moved over item 1.
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What you need to be
careful of is that you
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always have a comma
after each variable,
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except for the last one.
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So a comma is
already here,
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but what I usually do
is I just hit a comma,
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I go to item 2,
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kick that over, comma,
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item 3, kick that over,
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comma, item 4,
kick that over,
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comma, item 5,
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kick that over, comma,
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item 6, kick that over.
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Now, we know that item 6
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is the last one we have,
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the last variable
we're including,
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so what we're
going to do is
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just delete out
that question mark,
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we're going to delete
out that last comma,
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and then if we read
through this real quick
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just to make sure we
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don't have any problems,
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we've got creating
sumofitems,
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this is going to
be the sum of
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item 1, 2, 3,
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4, 5, and 6,
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and what we're going
to do now is click OK.
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An output window pops
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up and it basically tells
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you what the computer did.
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It computed the
sum of items,
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which was the
sum of item 1,
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2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,
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it gives us the
variable label,
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it gives us that
descriptive text I put in.
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I'm just going to
minimize this window,
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and if we look back here,
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you might notice that
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there's this new column,
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this new variable,
that sumofitems,
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that wasn't there
when we started,
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and that's because
SPSS computed that.
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And if we add
these together,
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if you add each row,
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we've got 1, 2, 1, 3, 5,
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1, that adds to 13,
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5, 1, 2,
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3, 5, 1 adds to 17.
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So it's done that
math for us.
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We didn't have to
manually do it.
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I know, yes, it'd
be pretty easy to
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manually do this
for 10 cases,
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but if you have a dataset
that has 500 cases,
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that would be very
time-consuming to do.
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And you could see
that this function of
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computing this
variable can
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save you a lot of time.
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It's also more accurate.
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It's going to
take any error
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out of the equation.
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And we know that often
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when we do things by hand,
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we can introduce
error into things,
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so we want to avoid that.
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That's one way to
computer a variable.
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I'm going to show
you a different type
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of variable that
we can compute.
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I'm going to go
back to Transform,
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I'm going to go back
to Compute Variable.
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I'm actually going
to clear this out.
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We're done with
someofitems,
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we don't need to
worry about it,
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we're not going to use
the same expression,
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so I'm going to click
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Reset in the bottom here.
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So what I want
to do is create
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the mean of the different
items that we have.
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Sometimes if
you're working
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with a pre-existing scale,
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it might tell you to add
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all the items
together and then
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that's what represents
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that theoretical concept
or that measure,
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sometimes it might tell
you to use the mean.
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So what I want to do
is compute both of
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these things because they
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both might be
helpful to me.
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So what I'm going to do is
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I'm going to type
meanofitems.
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And again, that very
quickly lets me
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differentiate between
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sumofitems and
meanofitems.
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Type & label, and again,
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I'm just going to put
mean of items 1 through
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6, click Continue.
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Just like we did
before, click on All,
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and then we're
going to go down
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to mean, here's mean.
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And when I click
on that, again,
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it gives me that
sample text here.
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This is very similar
to what we did before.
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I'm going to click up, and
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we're going to
kick over 1,
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2, 3, 4, 5, and then 6.
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I'm making sure to not
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include this last
one, this sumofitems.
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And then just
like last time,
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we're going to delete out
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that question mark,
that last comma.
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We're going to
read through
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it really quickly just
to avoid an error.
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We've got a new
variable, meanofitems.
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It's going to be
the mean of item 1,
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2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
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I'm going to
click OK. SPSS
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again showed me the
syntax of what it did.
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I'm going to
minimize that.
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And then here we have
the mean of items.
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And if we really
quickly look at this,
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I'm going to pick this
one, for example,
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we've got 1,
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1, 3, 3, 1, 2,
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and a mean of 1.83 would,
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just eyeballing
it, make sense.
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If we look at this one,
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3.67, 2,
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3, 5, 4, 5, 3,
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that would roughly
make sense
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without having to
do the math of it,
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but this has computed
the average score,
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the mean score for all
six of those items.
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So that is very
quickly how to
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compute a new
variable in SPSS.
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This is
particularly useful
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when you have
collected data using
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a pre-existing measure
and that measure has
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instructed you to compute
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the sum of items and
run your tests on that,
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or maybe the mean of items
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and run your
tests on that.
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But this is a useful way
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of understanding
how to create
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new variables using
existing ones in SPSS.