APUSH Period 7: Ultimate Guide to Period 7 APUSH

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What's going down, APUSH people?

Today, we're taking

a look at Period 7.

It goes from 1890 to 1945,

the end of World War II, and this bad

boy covers 17% of the APUSH exam.

So, to get you started,

it's important you keep in mind kind

of what are the major kind of events or

periods during this timeframe,

and we're gonna break it down

for you real quickly here.

If you take a look at the blue, you have

in the 1890s to 1917, U.S. Expansion abroad.

We have U.S. Imperialism in places like

Cuba, Hawaii, the Philippines, China.

Then we have World War I.

We get into it late in 1917.

It'll go until 1919.

Then you have the period,

the interwar years, that period

between World War I and World War II.

The U.S. is somewhat isolationist.

Some of the events we'll take

a look at in just a moment.

And then of course, in 1941,

the U.S. will get into World War II.

In terms of domestic politics,

you really have from the 1890s to 1917,

the Progressive Era reforms,

and a lot of different things are going

down here during that time

period domestically.

Then you have, of course, World War I.

It will have impacts on the home front.

That's followed up with the Roaring 20s,

you know, this time of relative economic

prosperity for many people, but not all.

And then, of course, the Great Depression,

which will lead us into the New Deal

from 1933 to about 1938.

And then of course,

U.S. entry into World War II.

Hit pause if you wanna copy this down.

But it's important to note that that stuff

in the black is not meant to be all

the important things during Period 7,

just some of the key things to give you

an idea of what's going down during these

different periods in American history,

foreign and domestically.

So, first important idea here is

in the late 19th century,

some began to advocate for overseas

expansion, and there's

a lot of different motives.

For example, the frontier is closed.

Frederick Jackson Turner takes a look

at the 1890 census and says,

"The frontier has closed, so we need

to look abroad for new opportunities."

You have economic motives.

Remember, the Industrial Revolution

is in full swing in the U.S.

Some people wanna open up markets abroad,

for example, in China, and get

access to cheap raw materials.

You have political motives,

a desire of the U.S. To compete with other

nations, especially Europe

and Japan over in Asia.

And then, of course, there are strategic or

military motives to acquire

strategic interests.

For example, naval bases.

Alfred T.

Mahan wrote about this.

And then finally,

we have ideological motives.

We had this duty, some believe,

to civilize the non-American,

non-European people abroad,

bringing democracy and Christianity and

other so-called markers of civilization.

Some examples that you should know about

for Period 7,

the U.S. annexation of Hawaii,

Queen Liliuokalani being removed

from power and the debate over

the annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door

Policy under President McKinley in China.

That policy will be followed

by other U.S. presidents.

The big one is the Spanish-American War,

which was caused by a variety of factors

such as the Maine explosion,

yellow journalism, the economic

motives of the U.S. planters and plantation

owners, and the De Lome letter

where McKinley got dissed.

Remember, the Spanish-American War

is hugely significant.

It is a turning point because under

the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. acquires Cuba,

Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam.

In fact, you're gonna have

a brutal guerrilla war between

the U.S. and the Philippines.

Remember, Emilio Aguinaldo is the leader

of the Filipino independence movement,

and this is gonna lead to the Filipinos

being defeated in a very

controversial war.

You also have presidents pursuing not just

McKinley, but

Roosevelt's Big Stick policy.

You can see his intervention in Panama

and the building of the canal.

Taft's Dollar Diplomacy,

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy.

And you can see that really in Mexico.

So, these are all examples of U.S.

expansion during this time period.

Another important thing you should know

about is the debates over

America's role in the world.

Post-1898 after the Spanish-American War,

there were many people such as McKinley

and Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred T.

Mahan who supported U.S. policies in Cuba,

the Philippines, Hawaii,

and other locations.

However, there was a growing American

anti-imperialist league which opposed

really the annexation of the Philippines,

mobilizes those individuals.

And you have people such as Mark Twain,

Andrew Carnegie opposing

U.S. policies abroad.

Then during the pre-World War I period,

the U.S. is neutral

at the start of World War I.

Wilson tries to keep the country out

of the war, but you have the sinking

of neutral ships such as the Lusitania,

the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico,

and other factors which causes the U.S.

entry into World War I in 1917.

Wilson plays a very active role

in the post-war negotiations at Versailles

with his Fourteen Points proposal.

He tries to get the rest of the allies,

England and France, to agree,

but they only agree on the adoption

of the League of Nations.

They're not interested

in self-determination

and these types of things.

They wanna punish Germany.

The U.S. senate,

led by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge,

rejected membership to the League

of Nations, disappointing Wilson.

And many see this as an effort to preserve

the tradition of non-involvement in

European affairs and permanent alliances.

Remember, Washington in his farewell

address, warned the nation

against those in 1796.

Following the World War I period,

we'll get into the 1920s,

and in the 1920s, the U.S. will pursue

a somewhat isolationist policy.

We will reject membership to the League

of Nations, but we will not be completely

withdrawn from the rest of the world.

For example, we have an active role

in the Washington Naval Arms Deal,

the Kellogg-Briand Pact,

and in various economic matters

in both Latin America and Europe.

However, just like before World War I, we

are gonna attempt to stay out of the war.

We are gonna try to be isolationist.

You're gonna have a series

of Neutrality Acts passed to keep

the U.S. out of a potential war in Europe.

And these are really supported

by an important group called

the America First Committee,

headed by Charles Lindbergh and others.

Finally, of course,

the attack on Pearl Harbor on December

7th, 1941 will lead to U.S.

entry into World War II.

And after World War II,

the U.S. will play a huge role

in international affairs,

much different than any other period

we've studied so far.

Some important stuff domestically.

Keep in mind, in the 1890s prior,

we had large-scale economic transformation

during this Gilded Age,

this Industrial Revolution.

And as a result of these transformation,

we're going to see the U.S. go

from a laissez-faire to increased

government intervention.

And this is really going to be

seen in the Progressive Movement.

Progressive reformers responded

to economic instability,

social inequality,

and political corruption,

and they're going to call for government

intervention in the economy

and society as a whole.

Progressive reformers were

mainly focused on urban areas.

Really, their strength is in the cities.

Remember, the populists also

in the 1890s focused on rural areas.

The progressives were largely middle

class and there was a very large

participation by women in the movement.

And finally, muckrakers are gonna play

a key role, people like Upton Sinclair,

Ida Tarbell, exposing problems

to the American public.

So, real big idea about

the Progressive Movement you should know

is the progressives attempted to regulate

the economy, environment,

and expand democracy.

Couple of examples to know about:

Jane Addams with the Hull House

in Chicago, providing help and assistance

to poor and immigrant communities.

You have Florence Kelley,

who creates the National Consumer League,

which goes for reforms from food safety,

child labor issues, and others.

You have John Muir, who was one

of the founders of the Sierra Club.

He links up with Theodore Roosevelt,

advocating for protection of natural

resources, so preservation

and conservation.

Robert La Follette's Wisconsin Idea in

his home state leads to democratization.

You get reforms like the recall,

the referendum, and initiative,

all of these giving greater power

to the people in the democratic process.

You could see this democratization

continuing with the 17th Amendment,

which provides for the direct

election of senators.

And Theodore Roosevelt uses the old law,

the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

to break up monopolies, trust-busting.

This is gonna be done by both

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.

Wilson's gonna have a new tool to do this

called the Clayton Antitrust Act,

which gave more power to the government

to regulate these monopolies.

And finally, the Federal Reserve Bank

under Wilson creates a central bank

to control the money supply,

and this is the first

national banking system since

that Second Bank of the U.S.

that was defeated by Andrew Jackson.

When studying Period 7,

make sure you understand the different

reforms and the successes and the failures

of the Progressive Movement.

Throughout this period,

the U.S. continued to evolve

into a increasingly

industrialized and urban nation.

The Industrial Revolution

is still continuing.

Immigration, urbanization,

and these changes dramatically

changed American society.

You continue to have the rise of large

corporations,

although they are increasingly regulated

by the government

to prevent corporate abuse.

And by 1920, more Americans live in cities

than in rural regions for the first

time in our nation's history.

New technology and consumer goods,

in fact by the 1920s you're gonna have

the radio, the vacuum, the Model T,

the movie industry is gonna rise.

These things are gonna change life

for many Americans and increased

the standard of living.

One of the key kind of themes during this

time period is new

opportunities for new groups.

For example, you're gonna continue to have

large immigration,

but that immigration's gonna change.

You're gonna have the new immigrants

who are especially from Southern

and Eastern Europe,

which are coming to America,

moving into American cities

to work in industrial jobs.

This is gonna slow down in 1924.

We'll see why in just a moment.

Women got jobs during

World War I and World War II.

However, they were expected

to leave when the men returned.

But it's important to keep in mind,

new technology such as telephone, vacuums,

washing machines created new job

opportunities and office-type work as

secretaries and provided some

women with more leisure time.

And finally, African-Americans are going

to undergo a lot of changes

during this time period.

You're gonna have a great migration really

beginning in the early 1900s as this mass

migration of African-Americans out

of the Jim Crow South to Northern cities,

especially during World War I.

With all these changes, you're

gonna see a rise in conflict.

Cultural, political,

and social tension emerged as a result

of changing demographics, modernization,

and a variety of other factors.

And you're gonna see some of these

tensions both during World War I

and during the economic prosperity or

the relative economic prosperity

of the "Roaring" Twenties.

So, let me give you a couple

of examples to keep in mind.

During the war, World War I, you have

the Espionage and Sedition Act passed.

The Sedition Act especially was designed

to limit freedom of speech and other

perceived anti-war attitudes

during World War I.

Many people were arrested during the war

for being nothing more than opposed

to U.S. fighting of the war,

and this was ruled, of course,

constitutional by the famous

Schenck versus U.S. case.

And this really shows you that tension

between security versus liberty

in American society.

Following World War I, you have

the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids,

which led to mass arrests of socialists,

anarchists, union organizers,

and other suspected radicals.

In the 20s, you also see the arrest

and the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Once again, the tension,

security versus liberty,

native-born Americans versus immigrants.

Capitalists versus radicals and workers.

So, you see once again tension

occurring in American society.

The Immigration Act of 1924

was passed in the 1920s.

It was designed to keep out new immigrants

by establishing a quota of 2%,

taking the Census of 1890.

This was supported by the Ku Klux Klan

and other nativist organizations and it

shows the nativist tension of the 1920s.

Scopes Trial is another great

example of the tensions of change.

A teacher in Dayton,

Tennessee was arrested for teaching

evolution and you could see the kind

of battle between fundamentalism

of the 1920s and science,

the rural values versus urban.

Prohibition was also passed

at the beginning of the 1920s

with the 18th Amendment and an effort

to ban the sale of alcohol that led

to widespread lawlessness and the rise

of organized crime, people

like Al Capone in Chicago.

And then finally, throughout this period

you're gonna have tension amongst American

society and African Americans and this is

gonna increase as the great migration

to Northern cities increase racial

tensions and contributed to race riots and

the resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s.

The boom of the 1920s is going to be ended

with the Great Depression

that begins in 1929.

And another important idea of Period 7

is the fact that economic upheavals,

the problems associated with laissez-faire

capitalism,

and ultimately the Great Depression,

led to the New Deal and it's gonna take

place roughly from 1933, inauguration

of Franklin Roosevelt, till around 1938.

Couple things about the New Deal to keep

in mind: It focused on the three Rs.

Remember, it's designed to try to get

the country out of the Great Depression

and it does so by providing relief,

recovery, and reform.

The New Deal reformed American society

by creating a limited welfare state while

also increasing the size

of the federal government.

Not all Americans are gonna like these

things, but it is going

to provide that basic safety net.

Couple of key New Deal programs to keep

in mind: FDIC insured bank deposits;

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulated the stock market; the AAA sought

to stop overproduction by paying farmers

subsidies not to produce crops;

the WPA and the Civilian Conservation

Corps paid the unemployed to do public

works projects, build bridges,

roads, and other items. The Wagner Act,

also known as

the National Labor Relations Act,

protected the rights of workers to form

and join a union; and Social Security

established the safety net for those

individuals, the elderly, the disabled,

women with dependent children, and so on.

It's important when studying Period 7

to kind of compare and contrast the

New Deal with the Progressive Era reforms.

And some things to keep in mind about

the New Deal, it created a limited welfare

state and dramatically increased

the size of the federal government.

We're still debating

what is the appropriate role

of the federal government even today.

Some New Deal programs are still popular

today such as Social Security and FDIC.

And the New Deal continued reforms

of the Progressive Era and reforms

of the New Deal will be followed up

by other reform efforts such as

the Fair Deal under President Truman

and really the Great Society

under Lyndon Baines Johnson.

So, make sure you're able to compare and

contrast these different reform periods.

It's important to note although

the New Deal did not take up the cause

of civil rights, it oftentimes ignored

the plight of African Americans,

African Americans began to vote in large

numbers for the Democratic Party under

Franklin Roosevelt.

There were critics of the New Deal.

Some felt the New Deal did not do enough.

You had people like Huey Long who proposed

a major redistribution of wealth with his

program "Share Our Wealth" Program.

You have conservatives who thought

the New Deal increased the size

of the government too much and were

really concerned about deficit spending.

And the Supreme Court ruled some

of the programs unconstitutional,

for example the National Recovery Act

and the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

And finally, it did not completely

end the Great Depression.

The Depression was only ended as

the country began to shift to war

production for World War II,

which leads us to the final thing

in Period 7, World War II.

World War II, you should break down in two

areas, the home front and the battlefield

and a couple things to keep

in mind about the home front.

World War II led to a shift

to war production and contributed

to the end of the Great Depression.

Jobs in war industries led

to new opportunities for women.

You have the famous "Rosie the Riveter"

icon, and other minority groups

such as African Americans.

Although deported during

the Great Depression, Mexican

and Mexican Americans were kicked out

of the country, it's called "repatriation,"

the need for labor in the agricultural

sector led to the Bracero Program,

which allowed Mexican immigrants to come

into the United States

during World War II.

Although, there was numerous opportunities

presented by World War II on the home

front, there were also tensions at home.

You have African Americans struggling

for equality

with the "Double Victory Campaign,"

you have the fight for Executive Order

8802 to provide equal

opportunity in defense work,

Japanese Internment which was upheld

by Korematsu versus The United States,

and of course in Los Angeles you have

the Zoot Suit Riots between

Mexican American youth

and American military personnel.

And it's important to know scientific

and technological advances such as

the atomic bomb

created by the Manhattan Project

and the development of sonar

will aid the Allied cause.

U.S. industrial power will be a major reason

for the Allied victory along with the huge

Red Army of the Soviet Union but U.S.

production is phenomenal during the war

providing a lot of the supplies even

before U.S. enters the war in 1941.

The decision to drop the atomic bomb will

remain a source of controversy so make

sure you know about some of the different

arguments for and against

the dropping of the bomb.

And it's important to know the "Big Three,"

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill,

will struggle to maintain their alliance

of convenience as they

debate wartime strategy.

Stalin continued to want the second front

and he felt Churchill and Roosevelt were

delaying that and the post-war world.

Roosevelt and Churchill and later Truman

are gonna want a world based upon

self-determination, capitalism,

and these agreements were

gonna be difficult to achieve.

Finally, following World War II,

the U.S. will emerge as a dominant

superpower and end its tradition

of avoiding foreign organizations.

We are gonna join the United Nations

and shortly after World War II, we will

also find ourself engaged in a cold war.

This video is not meant to cover

everything you need to know about APUSH

Period 7 but it's just to highlight

some of the key things and themes

you should keep in mind.

I highly suggest you check out any

of these videos about any of the topics

covered in Period 7 to get way

more ready for this APUSH exam.

So, click the link

and learn a whole lot more.

That's gonna do it for today.

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Have a beautiful day!

Peace.